Correlation between glycemic control and dyslipidemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patient

Background: India is one of the countries with highest number of diabetes patients. Patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus are usually dyslipidemic. The objective of the research was to study the pattern of dyslipidemia and to study the correlation of glycemic control with dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Methods: A cross sectional observational study was performed on patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus over 6 months period. The study included 200 patients and the variables recorded were demographic profile, FBS, PPBS, HbA1C and lipid profile parameters. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to HbA1C level i.e. Group I (Good glycemic control HbA1C 6-7 gm%), group II (Fair glycemic control HbA1C 7.1-8.2 gm%) and group III (poor glycemic control, HbA1C >8.2 gm%).Results: The data showed that TG level was maximum in group III and was minimum in group I. Comparison between the group shows a significant difference between all the groups (P <0.001). A significant positive correlation (Correlation coefficient 0.67, P <0.001) was also observed between level of TG and HbA1C. Similarly, LDL level was also highest in group III with a significant difference with other two groups (P <0.05). Also, a positive correlation (Correlation coefficient 0.64, P <0.05) was observed between LDL and HbA1C. On the other hand, HDL was lowest in group III as compared to groups I and II (P <0.001) and a negative correlation (Correlation coefficient -0.716, P <0.001) was seen between HDL and HbA1C.Conclusions: Dyslipidemia is less prevalent in diabetics who have better glycemic control

EFFECT OF AYURVEDIC TREATMENT ON BIO-MARKERS OFRHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) : A CASE STUDY

Amavata is a disease caused by vitiation of Vata Dosha associated with formation of Ama (bio-toxin). The Ama combines with Vata Dosha and occupies Sleshmasthana (Asthisandhi) which results in Amavata, producing symptoms like stiffness, swelling and pain in the joints. Amavata is compared with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) based on similarities in sign and symptoms. RA is a chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet and ankles. The prevalence of Rheumatoid arthritis is approximately 0.8 % of the population (range 0.3 to 2.1%) women are most commonly affected. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 20 years old female patient experiencing pain in multiple joints along with swelling and stiffness. Patient was investigated with markedly raised level of bio-markers like R.A. Factor, E.S.R., C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody. The patient was administered various Shaman, Deepana and Ama-paachanyogas along with Balukaswedan. The symptoms of Amavata (RA) like Sandhi ruja (joint pain), Sandhishotha (joint swelling) Stabdhata (morning stiffness), and tests like R.A. Factor, ESR, CRP and Anti-CCP were observed over the treatment. Marked improvement were observed in signs and symptoms of Amavata during the course of treatment. Patient was feeling much better than earlier and she felt that about >95% of her symptoms got decreased. No any complication was found during the treatment

Assessment of Soil Fertility Status in Rupani Rural Municipality, Saptari, Nepal

As soil fertility is one of the most important factors for soil productivity, soil fertility management is important for sustainable soil management. This study was conducted to determine the soil fertility status of Rupani Rural Municipality, Saptari, Nepal. A total of 60 soil samples were collected randomly from 0-30 cm depth. The exact location of the samples was recorded using a handheld GPS device. All collected samples were analyzed at a regional soil testing laboratory in Saptari to determine their pH, soil texture, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter status. In addition, fertility status maps were prepared using ArcGIS 10.8 software. The study area consists mainly of 51.66% clay and 18.33% sandy loam soils. The soil pH ranged from highly acidic to slightly alkaline, with pH values ranging from 4.5 to 8.0. Soil organic matter (0.42-3.21%), nitrogen (0.02-0.16%), available phosphorus (40.1-282.35 kg P2O5/ha) and exchangeable potassium (64.8-729.6 kg K2O/ha) are present in the soil with the status of low to high in the study area. In order to improve crop potential and maintain soil nutrient status through the use of site-specific fertilizers, a reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and various sustainable soil management practices were adopted. This research provides valuable information to policymakers, farmers, and agricultural stakeholders, facilitating evidence-based decision-making for agricultural development and food security in Rupani Rural Municipality, Saptari, Nepal

Elicitation of native bio protective microbial agents associated systemic defense responses and plant growth promotion against bacterial stalk rot pathogen in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Abstract Dickeya dadantii is the causal agent of bacterial stalk rot and one of the most destructive and widespread diseases of the sorghum in the world. Here, we explored microbe-based approaches for managing this destructive pathogen, intending to provide alternatives for integrated disease management. The objective of the research was to decipher the effect of antagonistic microbes on systemic defense enzymes, histochemical changes, plant growth attributes, reduction in disease severity, and interaction of these antagonistic microbes with host. Trichoderma, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus isolates were collected from rhizospheric soil and characterized using morphological and molecular tools. ITS and 16S rRNA sequences were analyzed to determine the molecular characterization of all antagonist microbes, and they were identified as T. asperellum, T. viride, T. harzianum, B. subtilis, and P. flourescens. These isolates were evaluated for antibacterial properties against D. dadantii under in vitro conditions and showed the higher inhibition in a dual culture method. Further, the effects of seed bio-priming and soil application of these isolates were tested under glasshouse and field conditions. T. viride outperformed the other isolates, significantly enhancing the plant growth parameters and induced resistance to Dickeya dadantii (BSR). T. viride showed a significantly higher accumulation of defensive enzymes, viz. PAL (1.02), PO (1.70), PPO (1.25), CAT (1.11), and TPC (0.91) at 48 h after pathogen challenge, as compared to the control. Histochemical tests confirmed lignification and callose deposition in the cell walls of the treated plants. Antagonist microbes were further evaluated under field conditions against D. dadantii infection. Compared to the control, there is a significant enhancement of plant growth parameters and yield with a simultaneous decrease in disease severity in T. viride treated plants. Results showed that the potential benefits of T. viride could not only effectively induce resistance in plants, enhance plant growth, increase yield, and suppress pathogen infection but also reduce the use of hazardous pesticides. As a result of correlation, PCA and heat map analyses indicated that T. viride is interconnected to determine the crop ability to sustain its growth under pathogen stress

Ascertaining the regenerative potential of the “gold standard” grafts: Achieving 100% root coverage in Miller's Class III recession with periosteal pedicle graft and autogenous bone

Recession of the gingiva is defined as the stripping of a portion of the dental root surface as a result of gingival margin shifting apically. Various techniques have been advocated for root coverage. The practice of utilizing periosteal pedicle graft for covering gingival recession defects is a contemporary development. Utilizing bone grafts for hard tissue regeneration has also been implemented. This case report assesses the effectiveness of the surgical approach utilizing autogenous bone and periosteum for recession coverage. A participant with Miller's Class III gingival recession in #23 and #24 was treated using this technique. The loss of periodontal attachment was recorded to be 8 mm and 5 mm on the mid-buccal surface of the upper left canine and first premolar, respectively. Clinical parameters were recorded at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months postoperatively. Complete root coverage was achieved when evaluated from baseline till 12 months, with clinical attachment level and keratinized tissue gain. The results of esthetics in terms of color match and tissue contours were satisfactory to the patient as well as to the clinicians

Structural insights into the dual strategy of recognition by peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP-S: structure of the ternary complex of PGRP-S with lipopolysaccharide and stearic acid.

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are part of the innate immune system. The 19 kDa Short PGRP (PGRP-S) is one of the four mammalian PGRPs. The concentration of PGRP-S in camel (CPGRP-S) has been shown to increase considerably during mastitis. The structure of CPGRP-S consists of four protein molecules designated as A, B, C and D forming stable intermolecular contacts, A-B and C-D. The A-B and C-D interfaces are located on the opposite sides of the same monomer leading to the the formation of a linear chain with alternating A-B and C-D contacts. Two ligand binding sites, one at C-D contact and another at A-B contact have been observed. CPGRP-S binds to the components of bacterial cell wall molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PGN) from both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It also binds to fatty acids including mycolic acid of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Previous structural studies of binary complexes of CPGRP-S with LPS and stearic acid (SA) have shown that LPS binds to CPGRP-S at C-D contact (Site-1) while SA binds to it at the A-B contact (Site-2). The binding studies using surface plasmon resonance showed that LPS and SA bound to CPGRP-S in the presence of each other. The structure determination of the ternary complex showed that LPS and SA bound to CPGRP-S at Site-1 and Site-2 respectively. LPS formed 13 hydrogen bonds and 159 van der Waals contacts (distances ≤4.2 Å) while SA formed 56 van der Waals contacts. The ELISA test showed that increased levels of productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ due to LPS and SA decreased considerably upon the addition of CPGRP-S