Keanekaragaman Spesies Parasitoid Telur Helicoverpa Armigera (Hübner) Pada Sistem Tanam Monokultur Dan Polikultur Kapas

Polyculture system is one of techniques in pest management. In Indonesia, cotton is always intercropped with second food crops such as maize, soybean, mungbean or peanut. This research was aimed to evaluate the effect of culture system, i.e. cotton monoculture vs. cotton intercropped with soybean on the increase of species diversity of H. armigera egg parasitoids and the parasitoid contribution to mortality of H. armigera. The research was arranged in a split plot design with two main factors: three cotton varieties with three levels of trichome density (Tamcot SP 37, Kanesia 8 and LRA 5166) and the subplots were two cultivation systems (cotton monoculture and polyculture), with three replicates. Observations were made by collecting H. armigera eggs on population of first generation (45 days after planting) and second generation (75 DAP). The results showed that on cotton polyculture the egg parasitoid complex which consisted of Trichogramma spp. and Trichogrammatoidea spp. was higher than that in cotton monoculture and so was the egg parasitism level. The increase of egg parasitism was 24% in the first generation and 15% in the second generation. Parasitoid species found belonged to the genera Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea. In the parasitoid complex, Trichogrammatoidea armigera was dominant on the first generation and Trichogramma chilotraeae on the second. The domination succession could be as a result of the higher host-searching capacity of T. chilotraeae than that of T. armigera

Indoor Propagation Channel Models For Wireless Lan Based On 802.11b Standards At 2.4 Ghz Ism Band

The WLAN is a preferred choice of technology for internet connection in the building environment. The indoor models, reported in the literature are mostly studied in the 900 MHz band of cellular standard and quite scarce in the 2.4 GHz frequency band of WLAN 802.11 standard. The frequency band is also dedicated for the WiMAX technology in which deployment in the office environment is essential. In this thesis, the semi-empirical indoor Multi Wall Classic Extended (MWCE) channel model is proposed. The model is compared and evaluated with the empirical OS and other semi-empirical Multi Wall models obtained from the literature; the Multi Wall Classic (MWC) and Multi Wall Linear (MWL). The models are evaluated based on the accuracy of prediction at two floors of office environment in one of the telecommunication company building. The validity of the proposed model is evaluated through comparison with different models of similar type from the literature. The optimized model coefficients for all models, particularly for the wood/glass and brick/concrete the common wall obstacles in the building, are found. The behavior and characterization of all the models studied are investigated by evaluating the variation of the prediction error at several locations of the same propagation condition. The prediction from the MWCE model is significantly improved compared to the OS model. The MWCE model is also observed to have a high and consistent accuracy prediction, comparable with the MWC and MWL models. The accuracy of the MWCE model is also shown to compare closely with different models of similar type from the literature. With simple formulation without invoking too many details and high consistent accuracy prediction, the proposed MWCE model is suitable for prediction of WLAN signal in the indoor environment to be incorporated in the software planning tool

Eksplorasi Dan Uji Keragaan Parasitoid Penggerek Buah Kapas Pectinophora Gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera: Gelechidae)

Pink bollworm, P. gossypiella, is a main pest of cotton that causes boll damage up to 70%. Recommended IPM has not effectively control this pest. The use of parasitoids of this pest is one of strategy to manage this pest population as using chemical control is expensive and caused secondary pest. This research objective is to study some biological aspects of pink bollworm parasitoids by doing exploration of the parasitoids in cotton growing areas and testing the potential candidates as biocontrol agents. The activity was conducted from April - December 2001. The research was conducted in two steps: survey and laboratory tests. The survey was conducted in East Java (Asembagus and Lamongan), Central Java (Brebes) and South Sulawesi (Bone) by collecting pink bollworm eggs and identifying the emerged parasitoids. Laboratory tests were done in Biological Control Laboratory of ITFCRI, Malang, consists of reproductive performance aspects. We found two and five species of egg and larval parasitoids, respectively. Parasitism level of egg was 81% by Tichogrammatoidea spp. and that of larva was 24% by Apanteles sp. These two parasitoids are predominant and found in all cotton growing areas. Tichogrammatoidea spp. have opportunity to be used as biocontrol agent in release program, while Apanteles sp. would have valuable role in conservation approach

Pengaruh Penambahan Biomassa di Lahan Kering terhadap Diversitas Arthropoda Tanah dan Produktivitas Tebu

Program pengembangan tebu saat ini diarahkan ke lahan kering yang memiliki ketersediaan air dan kesuburan tanah terbatas. Kondisi lahan kering dapa menjadi pembatas produktvitas tebu. Penambahan biomassa ke lahan dapat meningkatkan kesuburan dan populasi arthropoda tanah/detrivora. Penelitian penambahan biomassa Crotalaria juncea pada lahan kering dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Asembagus, Situbondo mulai bulan Januari–Juli 2015. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk menganalisa pengaruh penambahan biomassa pada lahan kering terhadap diversitas arthropoda tanah dan pengaruhnya terhadap produksi tebu. Perlakuan terdiri atas lahan dengan penambahan biomassa (serasah tebu dan pupuk hijau C. juncea) dan lahan yang tanpa penambahan biomassa. Pengamatan kelimpahan arthropoda tanah dan tingkat diversitas dilakukan dengan pemasangan pitfall traps dan yellow pan traps. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Collembola dan Hymenoptera merupakan arthropoda tanah yang dominan. Indeks diversitas arhropoda tanah pada lahan dengan penambahan biomassa lebih tinggi (0,82–0,84) dibandingkan pada lahan tanpa penambahan biomassa (0,75–0,79). Penambahan biomassa pada tahun pertama dapat meningkatkan kandungan C Organik tanah dari 0,76 menjadi 1,06, dan meningkatkan kandungan N dari 0,03 menjadi 0,11, serta meningkatkan produksi tebu dari 70,4 ton/ha menjadi 101,4 ton/ha. Untuk memperbaiki kondisi ekosistem lahan kering diperlukan penambahan biomassa secara terus menerus.Effect of Biomass Addition in Dry Land to Diversity of Soil Arthropods and Productivity of SugarcaneThe current sugarcane development program is directed to dry lands that have limited water availability and soil fertility, thereby limiting the productivity of sugarcane. In order to restore soil fertility and reduce the evaporation of groundwater, addition of biomass in the form of trash (dried leaves) of sugarcane as well as the addition of green manure (Clotalaria juncea) is needed. Biomass addition to the land could increase soil fertility and the population of soil arthropods/detrivores. The experiment was conducted on dry land at Asembagus Experimental Station, Situbondo from January 2015–July 2015. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of biomass addition to the diversity of soil arthropods and sugarcane productivity. Treatments consisted of land with the addition of biomass (sugarcane/sugarcane and green manure C. juncea) and control. Observation of the abundance of soil arthropods and diversity level was done by setting pitfall traps and yellow pan traps, observation was done monthly. The results showed that the order of Collembola and Hymenoptera were dominant arthropods. The diversity index of ground arhropods on the land with biomass increments was higher (0.82–0.84) than that in the land without biomass addition (0.75–0.79). The addition of biomass in the first year succeeded in increasing the organic C content of soil from 0.62 to 1.06 and increasing the production of sugar cane from 70.4 tons/ha to 101.4 tons/ha. In order to improve the ecosystems condition, it is required the addition of biomass continuously

Pengaruh Varietas dan Pola Tanam Kapas terhadap Kelimpahan Populasi Predator Hama Pengisap Daun Amrasca Biguttula (Ishida)

Penanaman varietas tahan hama adalah salah satu cara pengendalianserangga hama pengisap daun, A. biguttula, yang telah diadopsi petanikapas di Indonesia. Penggunaan varietas tahan hama cukup efektifmenekan serangan hama pengisap ini. Namun demikian, peluang adanyacara pengendalian alternatif patut dipertimbangkan, misalnya memanfaat-kan faktor mortalitas biotik A. biguttula, seperti musuh alami. Penelitianpengaruh varietas dan pola tanam kapas terhadap perkembangan populasipredator hama pengisap daun A. biguttula telah dilakukan di KebunPercobaan Asembagus, Situbondo, dan di laboratorium Entomologi BalaiPenelitian Tanaman Tembakau dan Serat di Malang, mulai Januari sampaiDesember 2005. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruhperbedaan varietas dan pola tanam kapas terhadap perkembangan predatorA. biguttula. Perlakuan terdiri atas dua faktor, yaitu faktor I adalah varietaskapas dengan tingkat ketahanan terhadap A. biguttula berbeda-beda, yaitu:(1) TAMCOT SP37 (peka), (2) Kanesia 7 (moderat), dan (3) LRA 5166(tahan). Faktor II adalah pola tanam kapas, yaitu: (1) monokultur, dan (2)tumpangsari dengan kedelai. Setiap perlakuan disusun secara faktorialdengan rancangan petak terbagi (Split Plot) dengan tiga kali ulangan.Parameter pengamatannya adalah populasi nimfa A. biguttula danpredator. Di laboratorium dilakukan uji pemangsaan terhadap predatorterpilih dengan cara memberi umpan nimfa A. biguttula untuk mengetahuikemampuannya memangsa per hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwaperbedaan tingkat ketahanan varietas terhadap A. biguttula mempengaruhiperkembangan populasi kompleks predator. Lebih banyak predatorditemukan pada TAMCOT SP37 dan Kanesia 7 dibanding pada LRA5166. Sedangkan perbedaan pola tanam tidak menyebabkan perbedaanpopulasi predator. Kapas monokultur maupun tumpangsari dapatmenyediakan lingkungan ideal bagi perkembangan kompleks predator.Laba-laba dan Paederus sp. adalah predator yang populasinya lebihdominan dibanding predator lainnya. Pada uji pemangsaan dilaboratorium, Paederus sp. mampu memangsa 15-25 nimfa A. biguttulainstar kecil dan 10-20 instar besar, sedangkan laba-laba per harimemangsa 2-12 nimfa A. biguttula instar kecil dan besar

Evaluasi Pelepasan Trichogramma Spp. Untuk Pengendalian Penggerek Pucuk Dan Batang Tebu

The success and effectiveness evaluation of Trichogramma releases for controlling sugarcane top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis (Walker)) and stalk borers (Chilo spp.) have not been intensively evaluated. This research was aimed to evaluate the control technique of sugarcane borer complex by releasing Trichogramma spp. The evaluation approach was performance tests of the parasitoid fitness through determination of reproductive rate and parasitism capacity of the parasitoids. Field observations were also done to obtain the borers' egg parasitism level in Trichogramma released and unreleased sugarcane fields. The observation was done by collecting the borers' eggs in such fields and egg parasitism level was recorded. Results showed that releases of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii or Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead were not effectively caused egg parasitism on S. excerptalis or Chilo spp. A hundred % parasitism of S. excerptalis eggs and 77% parasitism of Chilo spp. were caused by Telenomus sp. T. chilonis parasitized only Chilo spp. Reproductive performance of T. japonicum indicated a low reproduction capacity. Mass releases of Trichogramma spp. for controlling the sugarcane borers' complex in Indonesia has to be reconsidered by taking into account the species and release technique to obtain a successful biocontrol of sugarcane borers' complex

Interaksi Antara Trichogrammatoidea Bactrae N. Dan Trichogrammatoidea Armigera N. Pada Telur Kama Penggerek Buah Kapas Helicoverpa Armigera Hbn.

Trichogrammatoidea bactrae N, The objective of this research is to studythe interaction between T. bactrae (emerged from P. gossypiella collectedfrom Lamongan (7". bactrae - L) and collected from Asembagus T. bactrae- A)) with T. armigera. The study was conducted in Biological ControlLaboratory of ITOFCRI, March - December 2002. The tested interactionswere (1) adult interaction with different density of parasitoids and the hostH. armigera eggs; (2) pre-adult interactions in H. armigera eggs withsubsequently exposed the eggs to T. armigera and T. bactrae - A IT.bactrae - L. The results showed that T. armigera dominates the adultinteraction with T. bactrae - A / T. bactrae - L. Total domination of alltreatments was 6:95 or the probability of higher proportion of T. armigerato parasitize H. armigera than that of T. bactrae was 0.94. T. armigeraalso dominates pre-adult interaction with T. bactrae - A, but T. bactrae - Ldominates T. armigera. The dominance value of T. armigera against T.bactrae - A was 0:21 or probability of the higher proportion of T.armigera survival than tat of T. bactrae - A was 1. The dominance valueof the higher proportion of T. bactrae - L survival than that of T. armigerawas 0.84. Based on the results, prospective biocontrol agent of P.gossypiella is T. bactrae - A. Mass release of T. bactrae - L may interferethe effectiveness of T. armigera on H. armigera eggs.Key words : Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, pest, cotton bollworms, bioagents, Trichogrammatoidea armigera, Trichogrammatoideabactrae, Pectinophora gossypiella, Helicoverpa armigera,interspecific interactionInteraction of Trichogrammatoidea armigera N. andTrichogrammatoidea bactrae N. on cotton-bottwormsHelicoverpa armigera Hbn. eggsCotton bollworms Helicoverpa armigera Hubner. (Lepidoptera;Noctuidae) and Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera;Gelechiidae) are two of cotton pests in Indonesia. Inundation releases ofTrichogrammatoidea armigera N. could control H. armigera population,but not P. gossypiella. The potential egg parasitoid of P. gossypiella i

Tanaman Perangkap untuk Pengendalian Serangga Hama Tembakau

Pengelolaan serangga hama dalam good agricultural practices (GAP) menerapkan cara-cara memproduksi tanaman yang berkualitas dengan menggunakan metode-metode pengelolaan serangga hama yang dapat meningkatkan keragaman genetik, keanekaragaman hayati dan habitatnya, serta terhadap struktur sosial dan komunitas pedesaan. Strategi ‘tolak-tarik\u27 (‘push-pull\u27 strategy) merupakan salah satu teknik pengenda-lian hama yang berprinsip pada komponen pengendalian non-toksik, sehingga dapat diintegrasikan dengan metode-metode lain yang dapat menekan perkembangan populasi hama dengan meningkatkan peran mu-suh alami pada pertanaman. Penelitian tanaman perangkap untuk pengendalian serangga tanaman temba-kau cerutu besuki dilaksanakan di Desa Antirogo, Kecamatan Sumbersari, Jember pada bulan Agustus–De-sember 2008. Pada penelitian ini digunakan tanaman jarak kepyar, sorgum, dan kacang hijau sebagai ta-naman penarik yang ditanam secara berlajur sebanyak satu atau dua baris di antara delapan baris tanaman tembakau. Sebagai pembanding adalah tanaman tembakau monokultur dengan penyemprotan insektisida secara berjadwal setiap empat hari sejak 10–50 HST dan petak kontrol, yaitu tanaman monokultur tanpa pe-ngendalian hama sama sekali. Penelitian disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok dengan lima perlakuan yang diulang lima kali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memilih tanaman perangkap yang dapat digunakan da-lam program pengendalian hama cerutu besuki secara terpadu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanam-an jarak kepyar, sorgum, dan kacang hijau dapat digunakan sebagai tanaman perangkap, sehingga populasi hama pada tembakau dapat ditekan hingga 50% dan diperoleh produksi daun basah (8,62–9,17 ton/ha vs 8,42 ton/ha) dan kerosok (1,01–1,07 ton/ha vs 0,96 ton/ha) dengan mutu yang lebih baik dibandingkan kontrol (indeks mutu: 62,5–64,4 vs 62,1). Penggunaan kacang hijau memberikan produksi kerosok dengan mutu baik tertinggi, sehingga memberikan penerimaan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan perlakuan lain. Pe-nyemprotan insektisida secara berjadwal untuk mengendalikan serangga hama tembakau cerutu besuki na-oogst merupakan tindakan pengendalian yang tidak efektif dan juga tidak efisien, karena sasaran serangga hama tidak tepat, sehingga terjadi pemborosan biaya input. Pest management in good agricultural practices concept use methods of qualified crop production processes with considering increasing genetic diversity, biodiversity and its habitat as well as social structure and village community. Push-and-pull strategy is a pest control method with a non-toxic method principal so that it can be integrated with other methods to suppress pest population and increase natural enemies\u27 populationin the ecosystems. Research on trap crops used for controlling insect pests on besuki-cigar tobaccowas conducted on besuki-cigar tobacco fields planted after rice (na-oogst) in Jember on August–December2008. In this research activity we used castor, sorghum, and mungbean as trap crops, each was intercroppedin one or two rows between eight rows of tobacco plants. We used monoculture tobacco plants withscheduled sprays of chemical insecticide, i.e. 4 days-spray interval on 10–50 days after planting and controlplots without any insect pest control for comparison with the use of trap crops. The research was arrangedin randomized block design with five treatments and five replicates. The aim of the research is to choose asuitable trap crop used in pest management of besuki cigar tobacco. The results showed that castor, sorghum,and mungbean could be use as trap crops to suppress insect pests population up to 25% on tobaccoplants and would give leaf production (1.01–1.07 ton/ha vs 0,96 ton cured leaves/ha) with a better quality(quality index: 62.5–64.4 vs 62.1) than those of control. Mungbean is the best trap crop as it gives a highestleaf production with a better quality, so that gives a better income than those of other treatments. Scheduledchemical insecticide sprays to control insect pest on na-oogst-besuki cigar tobacco was not either effectiveor efficient, because the target pest was not right, so that causing a wasteful input cost