Increasing Rumen Microbial Protein Synthesis with Additional Dietary Substrate of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Soybean Oil

Absract. A study with the purpose to increase microbial protein synthesis was carried out using in vitro experiment with 2x2 factorial. Completely Randomized Design were used in this study. The first factor was with or without substrate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The second factor was the addition of 2 levels of soybean oil, 0% and 3%. There were 4 treatments, each treatment was replicated 5 times so that there were 20 experimental units. The materials of this research were Napier grass, concentrates and substrate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, consisted of a mixture of 30% rice bran, 20% tapioca by-product, 20% coconut meal, 20% corn, 9% pollard, 1% mineral, and soybean oil. The rumen fluid as a source of rumen inoculum was taken immediately after a cattle was slaughtered in the slaughterhouse. The variables measured were N-NH3 concentration and the product of rumen microbial protein synthesis. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, followed by a test of Honestly Significant Differences (HSD). The conclusion was that the use of substrate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased rumen microbial protein synthesis as much as 9.42% and the use of 3% of soybean oil increased rumen microbial protein synthesis as much as 18.64%

Utilization of Cow Milk Enriched with Conjugated Linoleic Acid to Decrease Body Weight, Cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein and to Increase Blood High Density Lipoprotein

An experiment to investigate the ability of cow milk enriched with conjugated linoleic acid to decrease body weight, total cholesterol, blood Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and to increase blood High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) has been conducted using in vivo experimental method. Research material consisted of 40 8-week-old white female rats (Rattus norvegicus) of Wistar strain (as an animal model). The method used was an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design. The treatments tested were P1 = high-fat ration containing 27.66% fat (HF), P2 = HF + 5 ml of milk/head/day, P3 = HF + 10 ml of milk/head/day, P4 = low-fat ration containing 5% fat (LF). Each treatment was repeated five times to make 20 experiment units, each consisted of two rats. Body weight gain, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were observed. The data obtained were then analyzed using analysis of variance followed by orthogonal contrast test. Orthogonal polynomials tests was applied to evaluate the response variables. The results showed that 10 ml/head/day of cow milk was needed to decrease body weight of hypercholesterolemic rats and 5 ml/head/day of cow milk was needed to decrease total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and to increase blood HDL-cholesterol of hypercholesterolemic rats

Quality Evaluation of Complete Feed with Ramie Waste Added with Different Protein Source in Nutrient Composition and Ensilage Parameter

. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of ensilage technology (with and without ensilage) and protein sources (plant and animal) in complete feed with ramie-waste on nutrient composition and ensilage parameter. Ensilage process decreased significantly dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), but it increased ensilage parameter i.e. acetate acid (C2), propionic acid (C3), butyric acid (C4), lactic acid (LA), and decreased pH. It also had non-significant effect on crude fibre (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and ammonia (NH3-N). Animal protein source in silage making decreased nutrient composition i.e. OM and CP and ensilage parameter i.e. C2, but it increased NH3-N. Interaction between ensilage treatment and protein sources affected CP and pH also ensilage parameter of C2 and C3. In conclusion, plant protein used in silage of complete feed with ramie waste was better than animal protein, despite that both ensilage were not better due to pH over 4.5

Protein Lamtoro Leaves (Leucaena Leucocephala) with Tannin, Saponin and Oil Protection and the Effect on Ruminal Undegradable Dietary Protein (RUDP), and Synthesis of Rumen Microbial Protein

A research was conducted to find out the effect of lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) leaves with tannin, saponin and oil protection to ruminal undegradable dietary protein (RUDP), and rumen microbial protein. Materials employed in this research were lamtoro leaves (Leucaena leucocephala) which are heated and then processed into mash form: tea leaves (contain 20% of tannin), klerak fruits (contain 48% of saponin) and soybean oil (oil source) as protection agent; and rumen fluid collected from fistulated Peranakan Ongole cows. Experimental in vitro using gas production method (Manke et al., 1979) was employed to assess level of microbial protein. Randomized Block Design was designed to conduct this research, with source of inoculums (rumen fluid) as block. Rumen fluid were collected from fistulated cows in five periods, each block contains of five experimental units. Treatments in this research were protection of lamtoro leaves using different agent, i.e. tannin from tea leaves, saponin from klerak fruits, oil from soybean as much as 2% of dry matter, and unprotected lamtoro leaves as control. Thus, four treatments in this research were as follows: K = control (unprotected lamtoro leaves); T = lamtoro leaves + tannin; S = lamtoro leaves + saponin; and M = lamtoro leaves + oil, so that there were 20 observations. Incubation conducted for 24 hours. Standarized in sacco method by Vanzan et al. (1998) which has been standarized and modified by Widyobroto et al. (1998) was performed to measure ruminal undegradable dietary protein (RUDP). Each treatment has five replications. 24 hours incubations were conducted in fistulated cows. Completely randomized design was chosen as research design. Variables assessed in this research were synthesis of microbial protein (purin analysis method by Zinn and Owens, 1986) and ruminal undegradable dietary protein (in sacco method). Data analyzed using analysis of varience and honestly significant different (HSD) as further analysis. Research showed that tannin was the best protector agent to obtain highest RUDP and the highest synthesis of microbial protein achieved by lamtoro leaves that protected by saponin. It is suggested that in order to get high RUDP lamtoro leaves should be protected using tannin. (Animal Production 7(1): 52-58 (2005

The Effects of Branched Chain Volatile Fatty Acids on Reduced Sugar and Branched Chain Amino Acid Concentration of Substrates That Fermented by Aspergillus Oryzae

A study was conducted to know the reduced sugar and branched chain amino acids concentration in substrate that fermented by Aspergillus oryzae. Branched chain amino acids represent amino acids that are very important for microorganism development, including yeast and ruminal microorganism as well as for the growth of the ruminant animal. The study was conducted using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There were five kinds of supplements that were added into the media. So, that this experiment were A: control, B: A + 0.5% urea, C: B + 1% extract of cassava leaves, D: C + 1% isobutyrate, and E: D + 1.3% 2-methilbutyrate. There were five replicates in each treatment. The measured variables in these study were, colonies cell biomass of A. oryzae, reduced sugar, Crude Protein, and branched chain amino acid concentration. The results showed that the highest number of colonies, concentration of reduce sugar, and concentration of branched chain amino acids was obtain from the substrate of treatments D. (Animal Production 4(2): 83-88 (2002

Isolation and Identification of the Chitinolytic Bacteria From Rumen Ecosystem

Rumen is an interesting ecosystem for microbial exploration and their products. Isolation of the chitinolytic bacteria from the rumen ecosystem found 109 colonies that produced clear zone, 84 colonies (86%) anaerobic and 17 colonies (14%) aerobic. Clear zone appeared in the third and fourth days incubation. Four potential isolates were chosen for identification purposes. Results showed that the bacteria were sticky, gram-positive, motile, endospore-forming, mesophilic and aerobic. It was supposed to Bacillus spp. the optimal pH and temperature to produce chitinase from isolate 18 are pH 6.0 and temperature of 35-40ºC. Divalent cations Mg, Ca, Zn, and Mn increase chitinase activity, while Cu and Co inhibit enzyme activity. When isolate 18 was grown on shrimp waste meal, it showed aptimal activity on the fifth days incubation. (Animal Production 5(2): 73-78 (2003