Ontogenetic progression of individual head size in the larvae of the beetle Trypoxylus dichotomus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): catch-up growth within stages and per-stage growth rate changes across stages

The ontogenetic progression of insect larval head size has received much attention due to its fundamental and practical importance. However, although previous studies have analyzed the population mean head size, such an approach may not be appropriate for developmental studies of larval head sizes when the trajectory of individual head size growth is correlated with pre-molt head size and developmental stage. Additionally, there is covariation between the head and body sizes; however, few studies have compared the ontogenetic progression of individual head sizes with that of individual body sizes. In this investigation, the per-stage growth rates (PSGRs) for head width (HW) and cubic-rooted body mass at the beginning of each instar (body size, BS) were assessed in Trypoxylus dichotomus. Linear models were used to test the size- and instar-dependence of the ontogenetic progression of individual HW and BS. The individual PSGRs of the HW (iPSGRH) and BS (iPSGRB) were then compared. In addition, the allometric relationship between HW and BS was examined. The iPSGRH was negatively correlated with the pre-molt HW at every instar (i.e., head catch-up growth). Furthermore, the mean iPSGRH at L2 was relatively higher than that at L1 when the pre-molt HW was used as covariate in the analysis (i.e., instar-effect), whereas the mean iPSGRH decreased ontogenetically. The iPSGRB showed catch-up growth and instar-effects similar to those of iPSGRH; however, iPSGRH was found to be lower than iPSGRB. Due to the differences between the PSGRs for the larval head and body, the larval head size showed negative ontogenetic allometry against body size

Insights into How Longicorn Beetle Larvae Determine the Timing of Metamorphosis: Starvation-Induced Mechanism Revisited

<div><p>Larvae of holometabolous insects must determine the timing of their metamorphosis. How they determine this timing has only been studied in detail for a few insect species. In a few species of Coleoptera, starvation is known to be a cue for metamorphosis, leading to the formation of smaller adults (starvation-induced pupation, SiP). We investigated the occurrence of SiP in the beetle <i>Psacothea hilaris</i>. When <i>P</i>. <i>hilaris</i> larvae were starved late in the feeding phase of the last (5th) instar, they exhibited typical SiP characterized by constancy of the time from food deprivation to pupation (TTP) irrespective of the body weight upon food deprivation or the length of prior feeding. In contrast, when larvae were starved early in the feeding phase, TTP decreased by roughly 1 day as the feeding became 1 day longer. The change in the response to starvation was estimated to occur on day 5.9 in the last instar. A series of refeeding experiments suggested that whereas SiP occurred readily in the larvae starved in the late feeding phase, activation of SiP was suspended until day 5.9 in the larvae starved early in the feeding phase. When <i>P</i>. <i>hilaris</i> larvae were fed continuously, they eventually ceased feeding spontaneously and pupated. The time length between spontaneous cessation of feeding and pupation was approximately equal to the TTP in SiP. This suggests that the same mechanism was activated by food deprivation in the late feeding phase and by spontaneous cessation of <i>ad libitum</i> feeding.</p></div

Adult body size of beetles collected in the field, those raised in the laboratory under continuously fed conditions, and those raised in the laboratory under starved conditions.

<p>The numbers in the bottom indicate sample sizes.</p

Occurrence and Density of Halobates micans (Hemiptera: Gerridae) in the Eastern South Indian Ocean

Two species of ocean skaters, Halobates germanus and Halobates micans, live in the tropical and subtropicalwaters of the Indian Ocean. From December 1992 to December 1993, Halobates was intensively sampledin the easternmost region of the South Indian Ocean (13–18.5°S, 114–121E°), from which there have been a small number of records of Halobates. No H. germanus was caught, but a total of 1190 H. micans were collected, with densities estimated at 13 900–28 100 individuals/km2. This suggests that H. micans lives in the study area at high densities comparable to those in the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. We also discuss the possible effects of ocean currents and winds on the geographic distributions of the two Halobates speciesin the eastern South Indian Ocean

Effects of starvation on the time (days) from food deprivation to initiation of gut purge.

<p>Effects of starvation on the time (days) from food deprivation to initiation of gut purge.</p

A model showing the timing of decision to pupate in the last instar larvae of <i>Psacothea hilaris</i>.

<p>A modified SiP in <i>P</i>. <i>hilaris</i>.</p

Occurrence and Density of Halobates micans (Hemiptera: Gerridae) in the Eastern South Indian Ocean

Two species of ocean skaters, Halobates germanus and Halobates micans, live in the tropical and subtropicalwaters of the Indian Ocean. From December 1992 to December 1993, Halobates was intensively sampledin the easternmost region of the South Indian Ocean (13–18.5°S, 114–121E°), from which there have been a small number of records of Halobates. No H. germanus was caught, but a total of 1190 H. micans were collected, with densities estimated at 13 900–28 100 individuals/km2. This suggests that H. micans lives in the study area at high densities comparable to those in the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. We also discuss the possible effects of ocean currents and winds on the geographic distributions of the two Halobates speciesin the eastern South Indian Ocean

Relationship between the duration of prior feeding and the time from forced/spontaneous cessation of feeding to pupation (TTP).

<p>Larvae under continuously fed conditions were assumed to have spontaneously ceased feeding on the day the larvae exhibited peak weight. A) Results of feeding–starvation experiments. Thin line with a breakpoint represents the result of a bisegmental linear regression analysis, and accompanying broken curves indicate the 95% confidence limits of the regression. The black diamond and gray bar near abscissa indicate the break point estimate (day 5.9) and its 95% confidence interval, respectively. B) Results of continuous feeding experiments. The solid line and broken curves indicate the linear regression line and its 95% confidence limits, respectively.</p