Victim-Perpetrator Relationship: Reconnoitering Typology of Victimization in Anita Nair’s Eating Wasps

Violence against women is not new from feticide to cyberbullying. It remains unchanged and experienced by all ages of women from perpetrators in the patriarchal hegemony. Every form of violence affects millions of women’s lives irrespective of age, class, culture, language, religion, and education, and it cannot be stopped by anything due to deep-rooted patriarchy and gender stereotypes. Men (gender stereotypes) become the primary reason for the violence against women and women become vulnerable victims as they are considered ‘Other’, the weaker sex. Victimization has a physical and psychological impact on victims’ rest of their lives. Anita Nair, an Indian author vociferates the different forms of victimization in the modern era in her latest literary oeuvre Eating Wasps (2018). Megha, a six-year-old child, Liliana, an Italian spinster and Najma, a Muslim girl do not share any contribution to victimization but being in the hapless situation entitles them to be victimized. Yet, they are denied to accept the tag ‘victim’ and become survivors by fighting against the odds in their society. This study traverses the relationship between victims and perpetrators through the lens of Benjamin Mendelsohn’s typology of victimization and the challenges encountered by victims in the patriarchal environment.

INVESTIGATION OF DISTORTIONAL AND GLOBAL BUCKLING INTERACTION ON COLD FORMED STEEL LIPPED CHANNEL COLUMNS

The paper presents the investigation on cold formed steel lipped channel columns experiencing distortional and global buckling interaction under axial compression. Five cross sections are chosen based upon the limitations given in the draft IS 801 code. The cross section dimensions and length ensures equal distortional/global critical buckling loads, thus maximizing the distortional/global mode interaction effects through elastic buckling analysis using CUFSM software. The plate slenderness ratio (b/t) is within the limit to avoid local buckling. The ends of the columns are considered as Pinned-Pinned. The Numerical analysis are carried out by the finite element package ANSYS. Finite element model include the geometric and material non-linearities. Geometric imperfections are incorporated in the model by extracting distortional and global modes obtained from buckling analysis. Parametric studies are carried out by varying the yield stress as 250,350 and 550 N/mm2.Theoretical Analysis are carried out by Direct Strength Method DSM-AISI 100-2007 and Australian Standard AS/NZS:4600-2005.The results are compared and the effect of distortional and global interaction on ultimate strength is discussed

MYOFASCIAL RELEASE THERAPY IN ADDITION TO THE POSTERIOR PELVIC TILTING IN HYPERLORDOSIS INDIVIDUALS

Hyperlordosis is excessive curvature of lumbar spine, caused by incorrect posture, muscle weakness, obesity and pregnancy. Management for Hyperlordosis was not shown to be effective. The Aim of the study is to identify the effect of myofascial release therapy, posterior pelvic tilting and abdominal exercises in Hyperlordosis. Single blinded randomized controlled trial involves 69 participants who randomly divided into three groups, MFRG is myofascial release therapy group, PPTG is posterior pelvic tilting group ABEG is abdominal exercise group. Outcomes measured are lordotic angle by Flexible ruler (FR) and Range of motion by Modified Schobers test (MST). Result shows that there was significant difference between the groups. Tukey HSD analysis showed that Q statistics for the FR between MFRG vs PPTG is 13,71 (p0,01%) and MST is 20,34 (p0,01%), FR between PPTG vs ABEG is 5,16 (p0,01%) and MST is 15,35 (p0,01%), FR between MFRG vs ABEG is 8,55 (p0,01%) and MST is 4,99 (p0,01%).PPTG group has showed marked differences when compared with the other two groups (MFRG and ABEG). ABEG also showed significant differences when compared with MFRG. Conclusion of this study was there is a significant difference obtains in the lordotic angle and range of motion in PPTG)

Pregnancy Outcome in First Trimester Bleed

INTRODUCTION: The urge for Motherhood is unique. The term ‘Safe- Motherhood’ is nowadays a slogan, not only in relation to mother but also in relation to fetus. Uterine Bleed in early pregnancy represents a definite threat to developing embryo and constitutes a source of Anxiety to both the patient and the clinician. Vaginal Bleed during first trimester has been estimated to occur in 16% of all pregnant women. A spectrum of causes for first trimester Bleed has been identified ranging from Threatened Abortion, Complete Abortion. Incomplete Abortion, Missed Abortion, Gestational Trophoblastic disease, Ectopic Gestation. In first trimester pregnancies Complicated by bleed less than 50% progress normally beyond 20 weeks of Gestation, 10-15% will be ectopic pregnancy, 0.2% will be a hydatidiform mole and 30% miscarry Approximately 5% of Women elect to terminate the pregnancy. About 15% of Pregnancies are complicated by Threatened miscarriage. Threatened Abortion is a clinically descriptive term that applies to women who are at less than 20 weeks Gestation with a viable pregnancy and have Vaginal spotting or bleeding, a closed Cervical os and possibly mild uterine cramping. It has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of poor obstetric outcomes such as preterm labour, Low birth weight and premature rupture of Membranes. AIM OF STUDY: To assess the Pregnancy outcome in women with Threatened miscarriage in First Trimester. OBJECTIVE: To compare the pregnancy outcome in women with or without threatened first trimester bleed out of the hospital attendance and domiciliary management. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In the present study, cases of threatened miscarriage have been examined from early in the first trimester and followed up prospectively until the end of pregnancy. Pregnant women who seek hospital assessment for Vaginal bleed less than 12 weeks of Gestation are the subjects for study with a view to evaluate the outcome of pregnancy following close antenatal and intranatal and postnatal supervision. This prospective cohort study was done in the Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of social obstetrics, Govt. Kasthurba Gandhi Hospital, Triplicane, Chennai in the year 2008-2009. The cases were selected from the inpatient department. Participants with significant vaginal bleed in the first trimester were recruited. In one year of period 200 cases were selected as study group. After informed consent, women were recruited into the study. The Control group consisted of age - matched women who booked for antenatal care in the hospital during the same time period. They were identified consecutively matched for maternal age, from the obstetric - ultrasound database as having attended for routine first trimester screening. Control cases were excluded if they had attended the Early pregnancy Unitwith threatened miscarriage in the first trimester or if they gave any history of first trimester bleeding. The sample size was 400, 200 pregnant women in the threatened miscarriage group and 200 controls. All women in the study group were followed prospectively from their first appointment until delivery. The Characteristics of all the patients related to their age, gravidity,. period of Gestation, Ultrasonic results, duration of Bleed, duration of hospital stay, treatment modalities and outcome were determined and data were collected through self administered structured questionnaire. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: A prospective study of outcome of pregnancy in 200 cases of patients with first trimester bleeding was undertaken. The patients were followed up prospectively from examination in the first trimester until the end of pregnancy. The Pregnancy and Delivery complications like antepartum Hemorrhage (Placenta previa and Abruptio placenta) Eclampsia, Preeclampsia, Premature Rupture of Membranes, Low Lying Placenta, Pregnancy outcome, Mode of Delivery, Manual Removal of Placenta, Post Partum Hemorrhage and Low Birth Weight were determined and the outcome data obtained. In out study in 5% of cases had preeclampsia, 0.5% of cases had Eclampsia 6.5% of cases had premature Rupture of Membranes, 6% of cases had Abruptio placenta, 3.0% of cases had Low Lying Placenta, 16% of cases had preterm deliveries, 36% of cases were delivered by caesarean sections and 11.5% of cases had Manual Removal of placenta done, 5.5% of cases had significant post partum Hemorrhage and 18% of cases delivered babies of Low Birth Wt There is no specific treatment for threatened abortion. Bed rest although often advocated is not effective. No consistent evidence shows that bed rest can affect pregnancy outcome in threatened abortion. However it is not harmful and may provide the patient with some emotional comfort. In general most do not administer progesterone or sedatives. In most instances of threatened abortions that ultimately result in complete abortion, the embryo is already dead; thus the administration of progesterone drugs is ineffective and only prolongs the natural course of abortion. However progesterone (Vaginal administration) may be indicated in unique circumstances including viable pregnancies achieved with advanced reproductive technology of patients with a history of an inadequate luteal phase. Studies have shown that although progesterone administration may not necessarily change the outcome of threatened abortion, it may help reduce the severity of symptoms such as pain from cramping and uterine contractions. Empirically there is no role of hormone therapy but undiagnosed deficiency can be corrected by 17 hydroxyl progesterone corporate or Dydrogesterone. Aspirin may be given to improve placental circulation. The use of uterine muscle relaxants or tocolytics is not supported by adequate evidence. Folic acid may be used to prevent neural tube defect and abruptio placenta. Appropriate counseling for all patients can be instituted. A continuing support and sympathetic attitude and follow up care are important to patients. This includes a tactful explanation about the pathological process and favorable prognosis when the pregnancy is viable. It is observed that early and comprehensive prenatal care can decrease risk of threatened abortion to some extent. So Increased antenatal surveillance might identify women within this group who are at increased risk. Knowledge of this increased risk may also facilitate decision making regarding management, mode, place and time of delivery which will inevitably improve pregnancy outcome. Although from our study it is reassuring that the majority of women with first trimester bleeding have pregnancy outcomes comparable to those without such bleeding it is evident that they face a higher relative risk of some adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. This information is helpful in terms of counseling women and alerting clinicians to early signs of these complications

A cross sectional study to assess the morbidity pattern of agricultural workers in villages of Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India – 2016

BACKGROUND: The agricultural workers have an multitude of the occupational related health issues, In India .most of the population depend on agricultural sector either directly or Indirectly, little attention given to the occupational related health issues of these population. OBJECTIVE: To assess the morbidity pattern of agricultural workers. METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was conducted in Agricultural workers in selected villages of Thanjavur. (August 2016 to February 2017) The sample size was 380. Multi stage sampling was done. Includes Both male and female workers involved in agriculture above the age of 18 years. Excluded Landlords who are not working in the field, Recent migrants Pregnant and lactating women. Data collected through semi-structured self administered questionarrie. Official permission obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee, Informed written consent from the participants. The data entered in MS Excel, analyzed using SPSS Version 16. Descriptive and Inferential analysis done by using Chi square test, Fisher’s Exact test, p value less than 0.05 taken as significant. RESULTS: Among study population,51.6% male and 48.4% female. the prevalence of heat related illness is the most common problem faced by agriculture workers (92.1%) followed by musculoskeletal disorder and respiratory problem (88.4%), dermatoses (78.9%), foot problem (75.8%), dental problem (68.4%), abdominal problem (64.2%), urinary problem (47.9%), gynaecological problem (30.7%), systemic illness except dermatoses high among planting and weeding labourers (p value<0.05). non communicable disease (10.3%) found to be high in mechanical labourers.(p value<0.05), stress and suicidal thoughts high in other manual labourers (p value <0.05). CONCLUSION: proper training and application of personal protective measures, strengthen the occupational health services at the primary care level reduces the occupational health hazards in agriculture workers

Non-Mechanized Exercise Training to Improve Pain Free Walking Distance in Patients with Peripheral Artery Occlusion

BACKGROUND: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is most commonly defined as gradual obstruction of arteries leading to impaired blood flow. The prevalence of PAD increase with aging, in general population it accounts for 12% to 14 % affecting up to 25% of subjects over 75 years. Intermittent claudication is the pain in lower limbs during walking, which forces the person to stop walking. Superficial femoral and popliteal arteries are most commonly affected by atherosclerosis. It is associated with increased mortality, major limitations in mobility, physical conditioning and decreased quality of life. Non-mechanized exercise training is a form of exercise programme without using any mechanical equipments helping to improve blood flow in the peripheral arteries of the lower extremities. OBJECTIVE: To find out the effects of non-mechanized exercise training in improving pain free walking distance in patients with peripheral artery occlusion. Design: Pre- test-Post- test Quasi experimental study design. Setting: Department of Cardio thoracic and Vascular Surgery, P.S.G hospitals, Coimbatore. Participants: Group-A: 10 patients received medications along with routine management (conventional management). Group-B: 10 patients received medications along with the non-mechanized exercise training that is structured. Intervention: Group-A: medications with active exercise 10 repetitions per day, 3 days for week for continued for 12 weeks. Group-B: medications with non-mechanized exercise training for 10 repetitions per day, 3 days for week for continued for 12 weeks. Outcome Measures: Ankle Brachial Index.(ABI). Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT). Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ). RESULTS: All participants in Group-A and Group-B showed significant improvement in ABI scores with a mean difference of 0.207 and 0.308 respectively. The calculated “t” value us ing the paired “t” test for Group A 8.714 which was greater than the table value of 2.262 at p 0.05) and WIQ scores showed mean difference of 13.90 and “t” value of 5.284 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There was statistically significant improvement in ABI and WIQ. When comparing two groups there was no significant changes in 6MWT pain free walking distance in patients with peripheral artery occlusion following Non-mechanized exercise training than conventional training

E-super vertex magic labelling of graphs and some open problems

Let G be a finite graph with p vertices and q edges. A vertex magic total labelling is a bijection from the union of the vertex set and the edge set to the consecutive integers 1, 2, 3, . . . , p + q with the property that for every u in the vertex set, the sum of the label of u and the label of the edges incident with u is equal to k for some constant k. Such a labelling is E-super, if the labels of the edge set is the set {1, 2, 3, . . . , q }. A graph G is called E-super vertex magic, if it admits an E-super vertex magic labelling. In this paper, we establish an E-super vertex magic labelling of some classes of graphs and provide some open problems related to it

Simultaneous Estimation of Finateride and Tamsulosin Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Dosage forms by Uv Spectrophotometric, RP-HPLC and HPTLC Methods.

The simultaneous quantification of Finasteride and Tamsulosin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms, there is no documentary evidence available. At the outset, it was aimed to develop a rapid, sensitive, precise and accurate method for the pharmaceutical dosage forms. The objective of the study is as follows: Development of rapid, sensitive and accurate reverse phase RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of Finasteride & Tamsulosin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Development of rapid, sensitive and accurate High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of Finasteride & Tamsulosin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Development of UV Spectrophotometric method for simultaneous estimation of Finasteride & Tamsulosin hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms by Q-absorbance ratio method. This study was focused in the method development for the simultaneous quantification of the pharmaceutical dosage form of Finasteride and Tamsulosin Hydrochloride. It was successful in achieving three different analytical techniques, namely, 1) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), 2) High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and 3) Q-absorbance ratio method by UV Spectroscopy for the routine analysis for the combination dosage forms. The HPLC method, proved to have high selectivity, precision and accuracy. The drugs were eluted by C18, ODS column (Phenomenex), using Acetonitrile: Buffer (pH adjusted to 3.0 ± 0.2 with Orthophosphoric acid) in the ratio of 60:40 as mobile phase and UV detector at wavelength of 230nm. The retension time of Finasteride was 7.11 minutes and that of Tamsulosin Hydrochloride was 2.65 minutes. The HPTLC method developed for the formulation proved to be easiest and quick method of analysis. The method was developed using CAMAG HPTLC scanner and Linomat applicator, with a mobile phase combination of Toluene: Chloroform: Methanol: Triethylamine in the ratio of 7:2:1:2 at 230nm as scanning wavelength. The retardation factor of Tamsulosin Hydrochloride was 0.35 and that of Finasteride was 0.78. 77 Q-absorbance ratio method developed for the dosage form, proved to be easy and economical method for the rapid evaluation of drug components utilizing λmax of Tamsulosin Hydrochloride and Isoabsorptive point of both the drugs. The linearity data was subjected to linear regression analysis in order to confirm the linear relationship between concentration and response. All the three analytical techniques developed were subjected to method validation as specified in ICH guidelines. The analytical performance characteristics were established and the values were found to be within the specified limits as recommended. Quantitative estimation was subjected to statistical analysis. %RSD value obtained was below 2 indicates precision of the method. The low standard error value indicates accuracy of the method. Thus the methods developed were found to be simple, specific, precise, linear, accurate and were reliable & reproducible for simultaneous quantification of Finasteride and Tamsulosin Hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms