Generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells in vitro II. Induction requirements with functionally inactivated virus preparations

Using noninfectious Sendai virus preparations after selective enzymatic digestion of either of the two viral envelope glycoproteins, it was possible to study the effect of different virion-cell membrane interactions on virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) induction in vitro. Three different virus preparations having capacity for virus- cell fusion, for virus-cell adsorption or lacking the ability to bind to cell membranes, were all active in the generation of virus-specific primary and secondary cytotoxic T cells, when added to the culture. Investigations on the responder cell requirements during CTL induction revealed that activation by addition of virions lacking the capacity to bind to cells was sensitive to the depletion of adherent cells. When virions with fusion and binding capacity were presented on tumor stimulator cells, different requirements with respect to adherent cells were obtained in the primary and secondary CTL response to Sendai virus. The data indicate that different viral antigen-cell membrane interactions govern the activation phase and effector phase of antigen- primed T cell populations, while sensitization of unprimed cells is dependent on the presence of adherent, perhaps antigen-presenting cells

Involvement of fusion activity of ultraviolet light-inactivated sendai virus in formation of target antigens recognized by cytotoxic T cells

Mice inoculated with ultraviolet light-inactivated Sendai virus mount a cell- mediated immune response to the virus. Cytotoxic T cells specific for Sendai virus can be obtained by in vitro secondary stimulation of primed spleen cells with syngeneic stimulator cells coated with UV-inactivated Sendai virus. Neither in vivo nor in vitro stimulation alone is sufficient to generate specific cytotoxic T cells. Sharing of the H-2 haplotype between cytotoxic T cells and target cells is required for the Sendai virus-specific lysis to occur. The fusion (F) glycoprotein of Sendai virus has been implicated in target antigen formation (20). Ethanol treatment of Sendai virus causes complete inactivation of the cell-fusion and hemolytic activities of the envelope, but does not affect the antigenicity of the F glycoprotein; furthermore, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities of the envelope HANA glycoprotein are also left intact after ethanol treatment. Target cells can be prepared by coating them with various numbers of UV-inactivated Sendai virus that have been treated with ethanol or, as a control, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The amount of virus adsorbed to target cells during the cytotoxicity reaction time using either ethanol-treated or untreated (PBS "treated") virions is essentially identical, but target cells coated with ethanol-treated Sendai virus fail to serve as targets for cytotoxic T cells. These results indicate that fusion activity of the Sendai virus envelope is essential to the formation of the target antigen and that virus adsorption to cell surfaces without fusion of the envelope with cell membranes is not sufficient to allow killing by virus-specific cytotoxic T cells

Fusion of Sendai virus with the target cell membrane is required for T cell cytotoxicity

INFECTION of mice with viruses can generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) which show restricted specificity for target cell lysis. Specific lysis requires that the virus used to prime the target cells must be of the same type as that used to sensitise the CTL, and that both target and CTL cells must express the same major histocompatability complex (MHC) gene product(s). The nature of the viral gene product(s) and their interaction with the MHC gene product(s) have been the subject of recent stud1−5. Previously we used Sendai virus to show that lysable target cells can be obtained using membrane vesicles which contain only the viral glycoproteins, indicating that these may be the specific viral gene products involved in target formation5. Sendai virus contains two glycoproteins—the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HANA) which promotes attachment of virus to cells and the fusion protein (F) which is involved in subsequent virus cell fusion7−9. Both activities are necessary for insertion of these viral glycoproteins into the plasma membrane of the cell10. In this letter we suggest that the insertion of the viral glycoproteins into the cell membrane is an essential step in target cell formation since we can show that virus containing an inactive fusion protein precursor (F0) cannot elicit T cell cytotoxicity unless the fusion activity is generated by proteolytic cleavage of the precursor. Sugamura et al. 6 have suggested that it is primarily the F glycoprotein of the Sendai virus envelope which is essential for the formation of the target antigen, as virus lacking the functional activities of F following trypsin digestion was inactive in priming target cells for T cell killing. However, we show that proteolytic inactivation of either of the two glycoproteins (F or HANA) of virus used to prime target cells will abolish the cytotoxic response

Suppression of ischemia in arterial occlusive disease by JNK-promoted native collateral artery development

Arterial occlusive diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality. Blood flow to the affected tissue must be restored quickly if viability and function are to be preserved. We report that disruption of the mixed-lineage protein kinase (MLK) - cJun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway in endothelial cells causes severe blockade of blood flow and failure to recover in the murine femoral artery ligation model of hindlimb ischemia. We show that the MLK-JNK pathway is required for the formation of native collateral arteries that can restore circulation following arterial occlusion. Disruption of the MLK-JNK pathway causes decreased Dll4/Notch signaling, excessive sprouting angiogenesis, and defects in developmental vascular morphogenesis. Our analysis demonstrates that the MLK-JNK signaling pathway is a key regulatory mechanism that protects against ischemia in arterial occlusive disease

Implementation of a new specific program for training curators at Hiroshima University

博物館法施行規則の改正に伴い，2012年4月から学芸員資格取得のために修得すべき科目が大幅に変更となった。学芸員資格取得の歴史においてはきわめて大きな変更である。本学では，これに対応するため，各学部の学芸員資格取得特定プログラムを統合し，全学の学生を対象とする新課程に移行した。本稿では，本学が新たに採用した4学期制（ターム制）を含め，今回の変更が受講や資格取得にどのような影響を及ぼしたのか，統計データの分析を通じて考察した。新課程移行の前後で，プログラム登録者数，資格取得者数は大幅に減少し，取得率も大きく低下した。こうした現象は特定の学部，分野の変化に基づくものではなく，旧課程においてプログラム登録の主体となってきた全ての学部に共通する。分析を通じて，大幅な必要単位数の増加，全学を対象としたプログラムへの変更，2学期制から4学期制（ターム制）への変更など，複数の要因が関連して，各学部における専門の修得と学芸員資格取得を両立させることが困難な状況が生じていることが推定された。As a result of the revision of Museum Law Enforcement Rules, the subjects that must be completed to acquire the curator qualification have changed significantly since April 2012, which constitutes a major change in the history of this qualification. To cope with this change, we integrated the curator qualification specific programs of each faculty into a new course for students of all universities. In this paper, through statistical data analysis, we examined the impact of this change on attendance trends, including the term system newly adopted by Hiroshima University. Before and after the transition to the new course, the number of program registrants and qualifications greatly decreased, and the acquisition rate has also declined significantly. These phenomena were not based on changes in specific faculties or fields, but are common to all faculties subject to program registration during the old course. Through this analysis, we presumed that several factors, such as the great increase in the required number of credits, the change to the program for the whole school, and the change from a two-semester system to the four-semester system, were all interrelated to each other, which make it difficult to achieve both specialized and curator qualifications.本稿は，2018年6月22日に香川大学で開催された第13回日本博物科学会で口頭発表した藤野次史・青木孝夫・清水則雄・菅村 亨・本多博之・山口富美夫・山崎博史・吉田将之「広島大学における新課程実施後の学芸員資格取得状況について」を元に，新たなデータを加えて考察したものである

Thoracoscopic Surgical Treatment of Spontaneous Pneumothorax: Selection of Surgical Therapy According to Thoracoscopic Findings

We report our experience with thoracoscopy used for the treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax and idiopathic emphysematous bullae. Fifty-one patients with pneumothorax were admitted to the hospital and received a pleurography and CT scanning before thoracoscopy. End-GIA resection or end-loop ligation were used alone or in combination, with or without laser coagulation. Only one patient developed recurrent pneumothorax, whereas another required repeated resection. Our results indicate that surgical treatment of pneumothorax using thoracoscopy results in a rapid expansion of the lung, minimum postoperative pain, early hospital discharge, and return of normal activity

Effects of Brief Seiza (vs. Normal Sitting) Postures on the Chair on Sleepiness, Fatigue, and Leg Pain

We examined how seiza sitting would influence sleepiness and cognitive performance. We randomly assigned 23 participants to either a seiza or a normal sitting group in an actual college classroom setting, using the same chair. We asked their subjective sleepiness, physical and mental fatigue, and leg pain, and conducted some cognitive tasks including the word fluency test. In the seiza group, sleepiness remained lower ( ps < .054) and leg pain remained higher (ps < .037) after they adopted the seiza posture compared to the baseline condition. The seiza group showed lower sleepiness (p < .038) and higher leg pain (p < .041) than the normal sitting group. There were no significances in fatigues and fluency between postures. Although the seiza sitting was likely to cause pain and would not affect executive functions, it might inhibit sleepiness without causing mental and physical fatigue. (139 words)正座が眠気と認知パフォーマンスにどのような影響を与えるか検討した。実際の大学の授業でそれぞれ同一の椅子に座った23 名の参加者を正座群と椅坐位群にランダムに割り付け，主観的な眠気や肉体的疲労度，精神的疲労度，足の痛みを測定し，文字流暢性課題などを実施した。その結果，群内比較では，正座群で正座をする前よりもした後に，眠気が低い状態が続き(ps < .054)，足の痛みが高い状態が続いた(ps < .037)。また，群間比較では，正座中で，正座群の方が椅坐位群よりも眠気が低く(p < .038)，足の痛みが高かった(p < .041)。一方で，姿勢間には疲労度，流暢性に有意差はなかった。正座は足の痛みをもたらし，実行機能に影響を及ぼさないと考えられるものの，精神的，肉体的疲労を伴わずに眠気を抑制する可能性が示唆された