Acute effects of the FIFA11+ and Football+ warm-ups on motor performance. A crossover randomized controlled trial

Introduction: Few studies including contradictory results have addressed the acute effects of the 11+ on motor performance, indicating a potentially reduced applicability of the program for warming up before competitions. This study aims to compare the acute effects of a soccer-specific warm-up (Football+) and the 11+ on motor performance. Materials and methods: Thirty-eight volunteer collegiate players (22 males; age = 21.1±1.9 years, height = 1.81± 0.06 m, weight = 73.4± 9.5 kg; 16 females; age = 21.3±1.5 years; height = 1.71± 0.07 m, weight = 67.8± 8.5 kg) underwent the 11+ and the Football+ in a randomized crossover design with a one-week washout. The Football+ starts with a self-estimated 40–50 percent running, followed by dynamic stretching of the hip muscles, shoulder contact, controlled lunge, Copenhagen exercise, and modified Nordic hamstring exercise. The second part involves roughly intensive small-sided games, followed by plyometric and anaerobic exercises in the third part. The warm ups’ effects on performance were determined by a linear sprinting test (20 m), countermovement jump performance (CMJ), Illinois agility (IA), and dribbling speed (DS) tests. Within-subject differences were reported as the means and SD. Pairwise t tests at the significance level of p<0.05 were used to calculate the significant differences. Results: Overall, except for the CMJ (mean = -0.43±3.20 cm, p = 0.21, d = -0.13), significant differences for the 20 m sprint (mean = 0.04±0.10 s, p = 0.005, d = 0.42), IA (mean = 0.65±0.45 s, p = 0.01, d = 1.43), and DS (mean = 0.60±1.58 s, p = 0.012, d = 0.38) were observed. In females, significant differences observed only for IA (mean difference = 0.52±0.42 s, p<0.001, d = 1.24) and DS (mean difference = 1.29±1,77 s, p = 0.005, d = 0.73), with the Football+ showing superiority. In males, significant differences were found only for 20 m sprinting (mean difference = 0.06±0.09, p = 0.005, d = 0.60) and IA (mean difference = 0.74±0.46, p<0.001, d = 1.62), with the Football+ having superiority. Discussion: Although practicable for injury prevention, the 11+ may not optimize acute performance and prepare players for high-intensity physical tasks as well as a well-structured, roughly intensive warm-up. Further gender-specific studies should evaluate the long-term effects of the Football+ on performance and injury prevention

Interaction of Ochratoxin A and Its Thermal Degradation Product 2′R-Ochratoxin A with Human Serum Albumin

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by several fungal species of the genus Penicillium and Aspergillus. 2′R-Ochratoxin A (2′R-OTA) is a thermal isomerization product of OTA formed during food processing at high temperatures. Both compounds are detectable in human blood in concentrations between 0.02 and 0.41 µg/L with 2′R-OTA being only detectable in the blood of coffee drinkers. Humans have approximately a fifty-fold higher exposure through food consumption to OTA than to 2′R-OTA. In human blood, however, the differences between the concentrations of the two compounds is, on average, only a factor of two. To understand these unexpectedly high 2′R-OTA concentrations found in human blood, the affinity of this compound to the most abundant protein in human blood the human serum albumin (HSA) was studied and compared to that of OTA, which has a well-known high binding affinity. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, equilibrium dialysis, circular dichroism (CD), high performance affinity chromatography (HPAC), and molecular modelling experiments, the affinities of OTA and 2′R-OTA to HSA were determined and compared with each other. For the affinity of HSA towards OTA, a logK of 7.0–7.6 was calculated, while for its thermally produced isomer 2′R-OTA, a lower, but still high, logK of 6.2–6.4 was determined. The data of all experiments showed consistently that OTA has a higher affinity to HSA than 2′R-OTA. Thus, differences in the affinity to HSA cannot explain the relatively high levels of 2′R-OTA found in human blood sample

Interaction of 2′R-ochratoxin A with Serum Albumins: Binding Site, Effects of Site Markers, Thermodynamics, Species Differences of Albumin-binding, and Influence of Albumin on Its Toxicity in MDCK Cells

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin. Roasting of OTA-contaminated coffee results in the formation of 2&prime;R-ochratoxin A (2&prime;R-OTA), which appears in the blood of coffee drinkers. Human serum albumin (HSA) binds 2&prime;R-OTA (and OTA) with high affinity; therefore, albumin may influence the tissue uptake and elimination of ochratoxins. We aimed to investigate the binding site of 2&prime;R-OTA (verses OTA) in HSA and the displacing effects of site markers to explore which molecules can interfere with its albumin-binding. Affinity of 2&prime;R-OTA toward albumins from various species (human, bovine, porcine and rat) was tested to evaluate the interspecies differences regarding 2&prime;R-OTA-albumin interaction. Thermodynamic studies were performed to give a deeper insight into the molecular background of the complex formation. Besides fluorescence spectroscopic and modeling studies, effects of HSA, and fetal bovine serum on the cytotoxicity of 2&prime;R-OTA and OTA were tested in MDCK kidney cell line in order to demonstrate the influence of albumin-binding on the cellular uptake of ochratoxins. Site markers displaced more effectively 2&prime;R-OTA than OTA from HSA. Fluorescence and binding constants of 2&prime;R-OTA-albumin and OTA-albumin complexes showed different tendencies. Albumin significantly decreased the cytotoxicity of ochratoxins. 2&prime;R-OTA, even at sub-toxic concentrations, increased the toxic action of OTA

Interaction of the mycotoxin metabolite dihydrocitrinone with serum albumin

Citrinin (CIT) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin produced by Penicillium, Monascus, and Aspergillus species. CIT appears as a contaminant in cereals, cereal-based products, fruits, nuts, and spices. During the biotransformation of CIT, its major urinary metabolite dihydrocitrinone (DHC) is formed. Albumin interacts with several compounds (including mycotoxins) affecting their tissue distribution and elimination. CIT-albumin interaction is known; however, the complex formation ofDHC with albumin has not been reported previously. In this study, we aimed to investigate the interaction of DHC with albumin, employing fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, and molecular modeling studies. Furthermore, species differences and thermodynamics of the interaction as well as the effects of albumin on the acute in vitro toxicity of DHC and CIT were also tested. Our main observations/conclusions are as follows: (1) Fluorescence signal of DHC is strongly enhanced by albumin. (2) Formation of DHC-albumin complexes is supported by both fluorescence spectroscopic and circular dichroism studies. (3) DHC forms similarly stable complexes with human albumin (K~105 L/mol) as CIT. (4) DHC-albumin interaction did not show significant species differences (tested with human, bovine, porcine, and rat albumins). (5) Based on modeling studies and investigations with site markers, DHC occupies the Heme binding site (subdomain IB) on human albumin. (6) The presence of albumin significantly decreased the acute in vitro cytotoxic effects of both DHC and CIT on MDCK cell line

New UP-Resins for SMC- and BMC-Process

Ungesättigte Polyesterharze auf Basis von Maleinsäureanhydrid und 1,2-Propandiol (MS-PG) gehören zum Stand der Technik und liefern Glasübergangstemperaturen von etwa 185 °C. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt mit dem Ziel der Herstellung von UP-Harzen mit einer Glasübergangstemperatur größer 185 °C. Bislang werden solche Glasübergangstemperaturen nur durch aufwendige thermooxidative Nachhärtung von DCPD-UP-Harzen oder Hybrid-Harzen erhalten. In dieser Arbeit werden UP-Harze auf Basis von Tricyclodecandimethanol (TCD-DM) vorgestellt. Diese UP-Harze werden mittels Gelpermeationschromatographie (GPC), Viskosität und Säurezahl analysiert. Anschließend werden die gehärteten UP-Harze untersucht.Unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) based on Maleic anhydride and 1,2-Propanediol (MS-PG) belong to the state of the art and provide glass transition temperatures of approximately 185 °C. This work employs for the purpose of producing UPR with a glass transition temperature greater than 185 °C. So far, these glass transition temperatures can only be realized by costly thermo oxidative post-curing DCPD-UP-Resin or hybrid resins. This work will present UPR based on Tricyclodecandimethanol (TCD-DM). These UPR are analyzed by using Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), viscosity and acid number. Then the cured UPR will be investigated

Acute effects of the FIFA11+ and Football+ warm-ups on motor performance. A crossover randomized controlled trial.

IntroductionFew studies including contradictory results have addressed the acute effects of the 11+ on motor performance, indicating a potentially reduced applicability of the program for warming up before competitions. This study aims to compare the acute effects of a soccer-specific warm-up (Football+) and the 11+ on motor performance.Materials and methodsThirty-eight volunteer collegiate players (22 males; age = 21.1±1.9 years, height = 1.81± 0.06 m, weight = 73.4± 9.5 kg; 16 females; age = 21.3±1.5 years; height = 1.71± 0.07 m, weight = 67.8± 8.5 kg) underwent the 11+ and the Football+ in a randomized crossover design with a one-week washout. The Football+ starts with a self-estimated 40-50 percent running, followed by dynamic stretching of the hip muscles, shoulder contact, controlled lunge, Copenhagen exercise, and modified Nordic hamstring exercise. The second part involves roughly intensive small-sided games, followed by plyometric and anaerobic exercises in the third part. The warm ups' effects on performance were determined by a linear sprinting test (20 m), countermovement jump performance (CMJ), Illinois agility (IA), and dribbling speed (DS) tests. Within-subject differences were reported as the means and SD. Pairwise t tests at the significance level of pResultsOverall, except for the CMJ (mean = -0.43±3.20 cm, p = 0.21, d = -0.13), significant differences for the 20 m sprint (mean = 0.04±0.10 s, p = 0.005, d = 0.42), IA (mean = 0.65±0.45 s, p = 0.01, d = 1.43), and DS (mean = 0.60±1.58 s, p = 0.012, d = 0.38) were observed. In females, significant differences observed only for IA (mean difference = 0.52±0.42 s, pDiscussionAlthough practicable for injury prevention, the 11+ may not optimize acute performance and prepare players for high-intensity physical tasks as well as a well-structured, roughly intensive warm-up. Further gender-specific studies should evaluate the long-term effects of the Football+ on performance and injury prevention

Occurrence of the Ochratoxin A Degradation Product 2′R-Ochratoxin A in Coffee and Other Food: An Update

Food raw materials can contain the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA). Thermal processing of these materials may result in decreased OTA levels but also in the formation of the thermal isomerization product 2&prime;R-ochratoxin A (2&prime;R-OTA). So far, only 2&prime;R-OTA levels reported from 15 coffee samples in 2008 are known, which is little when compared to the importance of coffee as a food and trading good. Herein, we present results from a set of model experiments studying the effect of temperatures between 120 &deg;C and 270 &deg;C on the isomerization of OTA to 2&prime;R-OTA. It is shown that isomerization of OTA starts at temperatures as low as 120 &deg;C. At 210 &deg;C and above, the formation of 25% 2&prime;R-OTA is observed in less than one minute. Furthermore, 51 coffee samples from France, Germany, and Guatemala were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS for the presence of OTA and 2&prime;R-OTA. OTA was quantified in 96% of the samples, while 2&prime;R-OTA was quantifiable in 35% of the samples. The highest OTA and 2&prime;R-OTA levels of 28.4 &micro;g/kg and 3.9 &micro;g/kg, respectively, were detected in coffee from Guatemala. The OTA:2&prime;R-OTA ratio in the samples ranged between 2.5:1 and 10:1 and was on average 5.5:1. Besides coffee, 2&prime;R-OTA was also for the first time detected in a bread sample and malt coffee powder

Editor para la construcción y aplicación de escalas por medio de una PC

En este informe se detalla un sistema computarizado que permite a los investigadores construir, aplicar y tabular encuestas e instrumentos de los llamados “de papel y lápiz” de manera automatizada. Además se reportan investigaciones donde se ejemplifica su uso. Los resultados de este sistema permiten considerarlo un medio efectivo para la construcción instrumentos de medición al posibilitar el almacenamiento de los datos sin etapas previas de codificación, con una mayor precisión y rapidez, además de facilitar el registro del tiempo de latencia de la respuesta a cada ítem. Las perspectivas sobre nuevas versiones del sistema permiten pensar en ampliar los contenidos objeto de evaluación, generar sistemas expertos de corrección, administración vía Internet, seleccionar los mejores ítems para determinados objetivos de evaluación (tests óptimos) o para determinadas personas (tests adaptativos informatizados). DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tecnociencia.v1i1.3