In vitro rapid and mass multiplication of highly valuable medicinal plant Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.

A protocol has been developed for micropropagation of Bacopa monnieri (L) Wettst, a medicinal plant of high commercial potential with legendary reputation as a memory vitalizer. Nodal segments containing axillary buds were surface sterilized with 0.1% solution of mercuric chloride for 5 min and were inoculated aseptically on culture medium, axillary bud break was achieved in 100% of cultures in semisolid MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l BAP. These proliferated in vitro axillary shoots were excised and cut into groups of shoot clusters and subcultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.2 mg/l BAP for shoot multiplication. 100% in vitro rooting was obtained when shoot clusters were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.15 mg/l IBA. The rooted plantlets were hardened, acclimatized and successfully established in field.Key words: Bacopa monnieri, nodal segments, micropropagation, plant growth regulators

Computational identification of strain-, species- and genus-specific proteins

BACKGROUND: The identification of unique proteins at different taxonomic levels has both scientific and practical value. Strain-, species- and genus-specific proteins can provide insight into the criteria that define an organism and its relationship with close relatives. Such proteins can also serve as taxon-specific diagnostic targets. DESCRIPTION: A pipeline using a combination of computational and manual analyses of BLAST results was developed to identify strain-, species-, and genus-specific proteins and to catalog the closest sequenced relative for each protein in a proteome. Proteins encoded by a given strain are preliminarily considered to be unique if BLAST, using a comprehensive protein database, fails to retrieve (with an e-value better than 0.001) any protein not encoded by the query strain, species or genus (for strain-, species- and genus-specific proteins respectively), or if BLAST, using the best hit as the query (reverse BLAST), does not retrieve the initial query protein. Results are manually inspected for homology if the initial query is retrieved in the reverse BLAST but is not the best hit. Sequences unlikely to retrieve homologs using the default BLOSUM62 matrix (usually short sequences) are re-tested using the PAM30 matrix, thereby increasing the number of retrieved homologs and increasing the stringency of the search for unique proteins. The above protocol was used to examine several food- and water-borne pathogens. We find that the reverse BLAST step filters out about 22% of proteins with homologs that would otherwise be considered unique at the genus and species levels. Analysis of the annotations of unique proteins reveals that many are remnants of prophage proteins, or may be involved in virulence. The data generated from this study can be accessed and further evaluated from the CUPID (Core and Unique Protein Identification) system web site (updated semi-annually) at . CONCLUSION: CUPID provides a set of proteins specific to a genus, species or a strain, and identifies the most closely related organism

A Review: Novel Protocol for Clumping in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

ABSTRACT: Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is the combination of three words 1. Mobile(Movable or Transportable) 2. Adhoc( Temporary or for specific purpose) 3. Networks(Flexib le data applications which use networks to communicate) o r A MANET can be defined as a system of autonomous mobile nodes that communicate over wireless lin ks without bounded, defined or fixed infrastructure. MANETs are useful in places that have no communicat ions infrastructure. Mobile adhoc network is a type of ad hoc network that can change locations and configure itself on the fly. Base station plays a very important role in infrastructure based cellular networks . But to create a base station in infrastructure less network is very difficult b ecause of movable of nodes. Mapping the logic of base stations into mobile ad hoc networks leads to the design of logical clu mp, where the ch(clu mp head) in every clu mp play the role of base station. So clu mping is very important in this type of networks . The aim of this research work is to enhance the network lifetime , proper balancing the power consumption among mobile nodes and increase the throughput of the networks. For this type of architecture we have design some protocols and algorithms which a re : Closer Clu mp Detection Protocol (CCDP) , Energy Efficient Based Clu mping Algorith m (EEBCA ) and A Broadcasting Range Adjustment Protocol (BRAP) has been proposed which allo ws the isolated nodes to adjust their ranges to remain connected with existing c lu mp heads. Each of the work is evaluated separately to analyze their perfo rmances and compared with the co mpetent results. KEYWORDS: MANET, Clu mping, Clu mp head, CCDP, EEBCA, BRAP. I. INTRO DUCTION A Mobile Adhoc Network is a group of mobile nodes that can communicate to each other with out any fixed base station . The mobile nodes that are in clu mp range of each other can directly co mmunicate, whereas others needs the aid of intermediate nodes to route their packets. Each of the node has a wireless interface to commun icate with each other. These networks are fully distributed, and can work at any p lace without the help of any fixed infrastructure as access points or base stations

Flooding Attack with Multiple Environments in MANET

Ad-hoc system with hubs with the opportunity to move in any ways and having foundation less condition commonly known as mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). As, it has de-brought together courses of action, remote links adds inconveniences to keep up the ways and furthermore to make new way from source to goal. MANET has multiple hop communication as direct link among two ends may not exist. The flexibility with in such network adds various issues, such as attacks, the attacks that can drastically impact the performance of the network.In our examination the effect of flooding impact will be investigate idea about different parameters and measurements. For example, end-to-end conveyance, bundle misfortune, throughput, transmission capacity utilization and so forth. For this most prominent and very much acknowledged NS2 test system will be utilized

Flooding Attack with Multiple Environments in MANET

Ad-hoc system with hubs with the opportunity to move in any ways and having foundation less condition commonly known as mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). As, it has de-brought together courses of action, remote links adds inconveniences to keep up the ways and furthermore to make new way from source to goal. MANET has multiple hop communication as direct link among two ends may not exist. The flexibility with in such network adds various issues, such as attacks, the attacks that can drastically impact the performance of the network.In our examination the effect of flooding impact will be investigate idea about different parameters and measurements. For example, end-to-end conveyance, bundle misfortune, throughput, transmission capacity utilization and so forth. For this most prominent and very much acknowledged NS2 test system will be utilized

Calotropis-induced toxic keratitis managed with teleophthalmology services in rural India

A female laborer presented with acute diminution of vision in her right eye following accidental injury with a sap of Calotropis flower. The patient was diagnosed with Calotropis-mediated endothelial toxicity based on clinical findings and started on a course of topical steroids. The patient had to face several logistical challenges such as distance of travel, loss of daily wages, and nonavailability of a family member to accompany her. She was then followed up with sequential imaging of the cornea utilizing the teleophthalmology services of our institute at the rural vision center located in the vicinity of patient's house. Seven days later, the cornea had completely cleared with improvement in the best-corrected visual acuity. This case demonstrates Calotropis-induced endothelial toxicity which is very common in remote rural areas and its effective management using the mobile or tablet-based teleophthalmology application of our institute's three-tier eyecare pyramid model

Role of portable chest radiography in management of COVID-19: Experience of 422 patients from a tertiary care center in India

Objective: To analyze radiological changes in portable chest radiographs in coronavirus disease-19(COVID-19) patients to optimize the management of hospitalized patients. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 638 portable radiographs of 422 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 infection. All the radiographs were reported in a structured format by two experienced radiologists. A severity score was assigned to every Chest Xray (CXR) and correlation was done with the CT scans whenever available. Results: Out of 422 baseline portable radiographs assessed,the ratio of male: female patients was 337:85 that is 79.8% were males and 20.14% were females.The mean age was 50.5 years and the range was 17–84 years.Of these 422 patients, 187 patients (44.3%) had abnormal baseline CXR. 161 out of 187 (86%) had either typical or indeterminate findings for COVID-19 pneumonia, rest 26 (13.9%) patients had CXR findings not consistent with COVID-19, like pleural effusion, hydropneumothorax, or lung cavity.Most commonly observed CXR findings in COVID 19 pneumonia were bilateral, multifocal air space opacities (consolidation and ground-glass opacities) predominantly involving lower zones and peripheral lung fields. X-ray identifiable lung changes of COVID-19 were mostly seen at 9-11 days after symptom onset. Conclusion: The presence of multifocal air-space opacities with bilateral, peripheral distribution on chest radiograph is highly suggestive of COVID-19 pneumonia in this pandemic setting.Portable chest radiography is a widely available and quicktool for estimating the evolution and assessing the severity of lung involvement of COVID-19 pneumonia in hospitalized symptomatic patients

SSR and SNP Marker-Based Investigation of Indian Rice Landraces in Relation to Their Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Geographical Isolation

India is blessed with an abundance of diverse rice landraces in its traditional cultivated areas. Two marker systems (simple sequence repeats (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)) were used to study a set of 298 rice landrace accessions collected from six different regions of India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal). Thirty hyper-variable simple sequence repeats (HvSSRs) and 32,782 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used in inferring genetic structure and geographical isolation. Rice landraces from Uttar Pradesh were the most diverse, with a gene diversity value of 0.42 and 0.49 with SSR and SNP markers, respectively. Neighbor-joining trees classified the rice landraces into two major groups with SSR and SNP markers, and complete geographical isolation was observed with SSR markers. Fast STRUCTURE analysis revealed four populations for SSR markers and three populations for SNP markers. The population structure with SSR markers showed that few individuals from Uttarakhand and Andaman and Nicobar Islands were grouped in small clusters. Population structure analysis with SNP markers showed not very distinct region-wise clustering among the rice landraces. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and minimum spanning network (MSN) using SSR markers showed region-wise grouping of landraces with some intermixing, but DAPC and MSN with SNP markers showed very clear region-wise clustering. Genetic differentiation of rice landraces between the regions was significant with both SSR (Fst 0.094–0.487) and SNP markers (Fst 0.047–0.285). A Mantel test revealed a positive correlation between the genetic and geographic distance of rice landraces. The present study concludes that rice landraces investigated in this study were very diverse, and unlinked SSR markers show better geographical isolation than a large set of SNP markers