Histopathological Image Classification Methods and Techniques in Deep Learning Field

A cancerous tumour in a woman's breast, Histopathology detects breast cancer. Histopathological images are a hotspot for medical study since they are difficult to judge manually. In addition to helping doctors identify and treat patients, this image classification can boost patient survival. This research addresses the merits and downsides of deep learning methods for histopathology imaging of breast cancer. The study's histopathology image classification and future directions are reviewed. Automatic histopathological image analysis often uses complete supervised learning where we can feed the labeled dataset to model for the classification. The research methods are frequentlytrust on feature extraction techniques tailored to specific challenges, such as texture, spatial, graph-based, and morphological features. Many deep learning models are also created for picture classification. There are various deep learning methods for classifying histopathology images

EFFECT OF CYCLIC MEDITATION ON CAREGIVERS STRESS AMONG FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES

Background and Objectives: The study explored the effect of Cyclic meditation in reduction of stress levels and enhancement of coping skills of parents of children with developmental disabilities. The research was a single group pre-post study, with convenient sampling, with a sample size of 40, all parents, primary caregivers of the children. This study used both objective and subjective measures to analyse stress and related coping skills. Methods and Materials: 40 Parents, in the age group of 30-45 years, who gave informed written consent participated in the intervention, completed the study. All participants were parents and the primary caregivers of special needs children. The variables GSR - Galvanic Skin Response, Perceived Stress and Coping in relation to Caregiving, and Social Support, were assessed using GSR sensor, CHIP and KCSS questionnaires before and after Cyclic Meditation (CM). All the participants underwent CM practices for 3 days a week for 40 minutes a day, for 8 weeks with a 2 month follow up. The parameters were repeated after 8 weeks.Results: A paired-samples t-test was conducted to compare the pre - post data, in both the objective and subjective measures, used in the study. There was a significant difference in the GSR scores for Pre-CM and Post-CM conditions; and this was significant with p = .001. The CHIP and KCSS scores did not show a statistical significance between the pre - post data. Conclusion: The study did not show a significant difference in the pre-post data of the subjective measures but there is a difference which the study failed to detect, because the study was too small, and it lacked power. However, in the objective measure of GSR to measure the stress levels, the mean GSR is significantly lower than the baseline data (p<0.05), showing that Cyclic Meditation has produced a highly significant reduction in stress levels in the participants

Quantum discord and classical correlation can tighten the uncertainty principle in the presence of quantum memory

Uncertainty relations capture the essence of the inevitable randomness associated with the outcomes of two incompatible quantum measurements. Recently, Berta et al. have shown that the lower bound on the uncertainties of the measurement outcomes depends on the correlations between the observed system and an observer who possesses a quantum memory. If the system is maximally entangled with its memory, the outcomes of two incompatible measurements made on the system can be predicted precisely. Here, we obtain a new uncertainty relation that tightens the lower bound of Berta et al., by incorporating an additional term that depends on the quantum discord and the classical correlations of the joint state of the observed system and the quantum memory. We discuss several examples of states for which our new lower bound is tighter than the bound of Berta et al. On the application side, we discuss the relevance of our new inequality for the security of quantum key distribution and show that it can be used to provide bounds on the distillable common randomness and the entanglement of formation of bipartite quantum states.Comment: v1: Latex, 4 and half pages, one fig; v2: 9 pages including 4-page appendix; v3: accepted into Physical Review A with minor change

NMR characterization of the energy landscape of SUMO-1 in the native-state ensemble

Characterizing the low energy excited states in the energy landscape of a protein is one of the exciting and demanding problems in structural biology at the present time. These describe the adaptability of the protein structure to external perturbations. In this context, we used here non-linear dependence of amide proton chemical shifts on temperature to identify residues accessing alternative conformations in SUMO-1 in the native state as well as in the near-native states created by sub-denaturing concentrations of urea. The number of residues accessing alternative conformations increases and the profiles of curved temperature dependence also change with increasing urea concentration. In every case these alternative conformations lie within 2 kcal/mol from the ground state, and are separated from it by low energy barriers. The residues that access alternative conformations span the length of the protein chain but are located at particular regions on the protein structure. These include many of the loops, β2 and β5 strands, and some edges of the helices. We observed that some of the regions of the protein structure that exhibit such fluctuations coincide with the protein's binding surfaces with different substrate like GTPase effector domain (GED) of dynamin, SUMO binding motifs (SBM), E1 (activating enzyme, SAE1/SAE2) and E2 (conjugating enzyme, UBC9) enzymes of sumoylation machinery, reported earlier. We speculate that this would have significant implications for the binding of diversity of targets by SUMO-1 for the variety of functions it is involved in

Missed and Lost to Follow-up Cases in HIV Positive Patients and the Impact of Lockdown During COVID-19 Pandemic on Adherence to Anti-retroviral Therapy at ART Center, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh

Background: Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) for HIV has changed a highly fatal disease to a chronic manageable condition. National technical guidelines by NACO say that adherence of >95%(optimal) is required for optimal viral load suppression which is a challenge both for the patient and the health system. Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the reasons for missed and lost to follow-up (LFU) cases and to assess the impact of the COVID pandemic on ART adherence. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study conducted at ART center, Jhansi. Methods and Material: 357 patients were administered a self-designed questionnaire after taking informed consent to enquire about the reasons for missing doses and LFU and whether they missed treatment during the lockdown. Statistical analysis used: the results were expressed in frequencies and percentages and appropriate statistical tests were applied. Results: 72% HIV patients had optimal adherence and 6.7% were on second-line treatment. Out of 357 patients, 56 had missed treatment and 10 were LFU. The main reasons for the missing were run out of pills, busy with other things and being away from home. The number of episodes of missed and LFU increased during the pandemic. The main problems faced were lack of transport (24), fear of catching the disease (7), no money to hire a vehicle (5). Conclusions: Constant monitoring and handholding of those with suboptimal adherence is required. Travel allowance to such patients and regular counseling will help to ensure adherence. Long-term solutions include vocational rehabilitation and awareness programs to reduce stigma and discrimination

Understanding the mechanism of pigment rim formation at the periphery of the eye in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila eye periphery undergoes peripheral patterning in response to a graded Wingless signal emanating from the surrounding head capsule. High levels of Wg signaling lead to the formation of the Pigment Rim. The pigment rim is a thick band of pigment cells that serves to optically insulate the eye from extraneous light rays. It is composed mainly of the pigment cells that surrounded the outermost row of ommatidia in the developing pupal eye. These peripheral ommatidia undergo timed developmental apoptosis, leaving the remaining pigment cells to coalesce and form the pigment rim. Earlier work showed that high levels of Wingless signaling induced the expression of Escargot, Wingless and Notum in a subset of the cells of the peripheral ommatidia, namely the cone cells. But the mechanism of apoptosis of the entire ommatidia remained unclear. My work focuses on the mechanism by which Wingless leads to the apoptosis of the different cell types of the ommatidia in a concerted manner. In this thesis, I show that the peripheral apoptosis follows a precisely timed sequence of events. I also show that ectopic expression of Wingless at high levels causes the entire eye to respond in a manner similar to the peripheral ommatidia. In order to elucidate the mechanism of Wingless induced apoptosis, I analyzed the effects of manipulations of the Wingless signaling pathway in the subsets of the cells of the ommatidia. I found that the expression of Escargot in the cone cells is required for their collapse, while the Wingless expression appears to be a booster signal for the apoptosis of the remaining cells of the ommatidia. I also show that the activation of Wingless signaling in the cone cells alone is insufficient for apoptosis of the ommatidia, thereby suggesting a combinatorial response of all the cell types. Lastly, I present a logical conundrum in the response of the photoreceptors to manipulations in Wingless signaling. In conclusion, I present a possible model of a concerted response of the different cell types of the ommatidia to lead to their apoptosis

Towards Protecting Critical National Assets and Preparedness for Response to Hazardous Chemical, Biological and Radiological Attacks

Hazardous chemical, biological and radiological (CBR) materials are catching attention of unscrupulous actors for creating terror and havoc. Threat perception for use of such materials by terrorists and non-state actors for malicious purposes, is not imaginative but real and imminent in today’s context. World has witnessed a number of such incidences in the recent years, e.g., Mustard gas attack against Kurdish forces in Iraq; ricin laced letters sent to US President and others senators; use of Nerve gas agents in Syria; capturing of Uranium from University of al- Mousal, Iraq by IS, etc. National assets like critical buildings where main legislative, historical building, Hospitals are some of the likely targets for CBR attacks attract quick coverage by media. Authorities related with managing and safeguarding mechanisms of the facilities to prevent such events happening also to enhance their capabilities as well as effective response. Essential CBR security should include measures to rapidly detect and effectively deter the CBR incidences their deleterious consequences. In this review, protection of the critical facilities from CBR attacks and capacity in terms of infrastructure, specialised training and mutual aid have been discussed

Stress and infertility: a review

Most of the couples suffering from infertility report it to be the most stressful and depressing period of their life. Stress can be a contributor to infertility and can adversely affect the treatment success, Recent scientific evidence suggest that psychological therapy, especially mind body therapy to counter stress can significantly improve pregnancy rates in women undergoing ART. Yoga is an ideal mind body therapy that is indigenous and one that can be effectively applied in the Indian scenario to optimize the psychological milieu of the sub fertile undergoing treatment. Infertility and ART from well-structured government run IVF centres can greatly reduce the financial burden of the infertile couple and further reduce their stress levels. Thus stress reducing strategies and low cost infertility treatment facility offer to be the ideal combination to fulfill the dreams of parenthood for the suffering sub fertile couples in India

Molecular basis of pathogenesis in amoebiasis

Amoebiasis is one of the major public health problems in developing countries. In spite of the availability of an effective drug and absence of overt drug resistance, the disease is still prevalent among large population and spread over a number of countries. It is caused by the protist parasite Entamoeba histolytica that essentially infects humans, though other species that infect a few animals have been reported. A number of molecular techniques have recently been developed. These have helped in understanding biological processes in E. histolytica and in the identification of key molecules that are involved in amoebic virulence and invasion. Moreover, developments in the area of disease and invasion models have allowed understanding of these processes at molecular level and circumvented lack of a good animal model of amoebiasis. All these knowledge will help us to design better therapeutics and allow us to control this important disease