ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION SECONDARY METABOLITES COMPOUND ETHYL ACETATE : n-HEXANE (4 : 6) FRACTION OF GULMA SIAM LEAVES (Chromolaena odorata L.)

This study aims to isolate and identify the secondary metabolites compound ethyl acetate : n-hexane (4: 6) fraction from Gulma siam leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.), which is derived from Enrekang regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The stages of research include extraction, fractionation, purification and identification. Fractionation is done by flash column chromatography; purification by recrystallization and identification using color test, melting point, solubility, KLT and spectroscopic methods. Obtained compound in the form of white crystal with a melting point about 144-145oC, also react positively with Dragendorff and Wagner reagent that is marked by orange solution and brown precipitants which indicate the possibility of containing secondary metabolites compound that includes in alkaloid class. It is also supported by the presence of N-H absorption around 3329.14 nm; aliphatic C-H around 2916.37 nm; aromatic C-C around 1620.21 nm; C-N around 1357.89 nm and C-O around 1068.50 nm that is obtained on the IR spectrum

The Processing of Coconut Shell Based on Pyrolysis Technology to Produce Reneweable Energy Sources

This study is an experimental study that aims to make coconut shell charcoal briquettes which have reliably characteristics or qualities. This study includes drying of raw materials, composing, grinding and sifting, mixing the adhesive, printing and compression, drying, and determination of characteristics include density, ash content, duration of combustion and calorific value. The result of the study showed that in general there is no significant difference between the characteristics of the briquettes using a starch adhesive with one that use sago starch adhesive. The characteristics of briquettes that were produced are in accordance with the standard in Indonesia, the United States and Japan, except Britain which give very strict standards. Activated charcoal from coconut shell charcoal that was activated with 1M HCl has metal adsopsi power Cr (VI) that is quite high (up to 22.15%).Keywords: briquettes, coconut shells, gluten, calorific value, tapioca, sago, ash, density

The Processing Of Coconut Shell Based On Pyrolysis Technology To Produce Reneweable Energy Sources

Abstract : This study is an experimental study that aims to make coconut shell charcoal briquettes which have reliably characteristics or qualities. This study includes drying of raw materials, composing, grinding and sifting, mixing the adhesive, printing and compression, drying, and determination of characteristics include density, ash content, duration of combustion and calorific value. The result of the study showed that in general there is no significant difference between the characteristics of the briquettes using a starch adhesive with one that use sago starch adhesive. The characteristics of briquettes that were produced are in accordance with the standard in Indonesia, the United States and Japan, except Britain which give very strict standards. Activated charcoal from coconut shell charcoal that was activated with 1M HCl has metal adsopsi power Cr (VI) that is quite high (up to 22.15%)

Isolasi, Identifikasi, dan Uji Bioaktivitas Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Metanol Daun Kayu Jawa (Lannea coromandelica).

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi, dan mengetahui kemampuan bioaktivitas senyawa metabolit sekunder ekstrak metanol daun L. coromandelica, dengan jenis penelitian eksplorasi yang meliputi preparasi sampel, ekstraksi, fraksinasi, pemurnian, identifikasi dan uji bioaktivitas pada ekstrak metanol daun L. coromandelica. Sampel yang digunakan berasal dari Desa Appanang, Kecamatan Liliriaja, Kabupaten Soppeng, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Serbuk halus daun L. coromandelica dimaserasi dengan pelarut metanol, ekstrak metanol yang diperoleh dipartisi dengan n-heksana kemudian difraksinasi dengan metode KKCV dan KKT, kemudian fraksi B2 dimurnikan dengan pelarut aseton sehingga didapatkan isolat murni berbentuk serbuk berwarna putih. Identifikasi dengan KLT Sistem Tiga Eluen menunjukkan noda tunggal berwarna coklat pada plat KLT yang merupakan warna khas alkaloid, dengan Rf yaitu 0,475, 0,575, dan 0,875. Uji pereaksi Wegner dan Dragendorff juga menunjukkan bahwa isolat yang diperoleh merupakan golongan senyawa alkaloid yang ditunjukkan dengan larutan berwarna coklat dengan endapan. Serta data spektrum FTIR yang menunjukkan adanya gugus N-H primer, C-N, CH3, C-H alifatik, C-H, C=O, dan C=C, adanya atom N pada isolat yang menunjukkan bahwa isolat yang diperoleh merupakan golongan senyawa alkaloid dengan titik leleh 95-97°C. Uji bioaktivitas ekstrak metanol daun L. coromandelica pada larva Artemia salina Leach menunjukkan nilai LC50 0,6985 yang menandakan adanya kemampuan bioaktivitas pada sampel yakni sebagai anti bakteri dan anti kanker.Kata kunci: Isolasi, Lannea coromandelica, Bioaktivitas, Alkaloid ABSTRACTThis study is an exploratory research that aims to isolate, identify, and to test the bioactivity of methanol extract of secondary metabolite compound from of L. coromandelica leaves. The research was carried out in several stages: preparation, extraction, fractionation, purification, identification and bioactivity test of methanol extracts of L. coromandelica  leaves. The samples were collected from Appanang village, Liliriaja sub-district, Soppeng district, Southern Sulawesi province. The fine powder of L. coromandelica  leaves were macerated in methanol solution. The methanol extract was partitioned in n-hexane and then was fractionated using KKCV and KKT methods, then the B2 fraction was purified using acetone solution to obtain a pure white powder isolate. Identification with three eluent system TLC showed a single brown stain on the plate of TLC and detected as alkaloid color, with an Rf of 0,475, 0,575, and 0,875. The Wegner and Dragendorff reagent test indicated that the isolate contained the alkaloid groups that showed the brown solution with sediment. The identification of FTIR spectral data showed the N-H primer, C-N, CH3, C-H aliphatic, C-H aromatic, C=O, and C=C functional groups. The N-atom in isolate indicated the group of alkaloid compound with a melting point of 95-97°C. Bioactivity test of methanol extracts L. coromandelica leaves on the larvae of Artemia salina Leach showed LC50 of 0,6985 ppm which suggests the bioactivity ability of the sample, which act as antibacterial and anticancer.Keywords: Isolation, Lannea coromandelica,Bioactivity, Alkaloi

Studi Komparasi Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw dengan Tipe TGT Ditinjau dari Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas X SMAN 3 Watansoppeng (Studi pada Materi Pokok Ikatan Kimia)

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini adalah penelitian komparatif yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar siswa Kelas X SMA Negeri 3 Watansoppeng yang dibelajarkan dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw dan tipe TGT. Populasinya adalah siswa kelas X SMA Negeri 3 Watansoppeng yang terdiri dari enam kelas, sedangkan sampelnya adalah kelas X3 sebagai kelas eksperimen I yang dibelajarkan dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe jigsaw dan kelas X6 sebagai kelas eksperimen II yang dibelajarkan dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT dengan jumlah siswa masing-masing 23 orang. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah “Posttest Only Design”. Variabel bebasnya adalah pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw dan pembelajaran kooperatif tipe TGT dan variabel terikatnya yaitu hasil belajar. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan nilai rata-rata hasil belajar siswa kelas Jigsaw pada posttest yaitu 72,15 dengan standar deviasi 12,17 dan kelas TGT yaitu 65,34 dengan standar deviasi 11,14. Hasil pengujian hipotesis diperoleh nilai thitung = 2,0841. Pada taraf signifikan α = 0,05 dengan dk = 44 diperoleh t(0,025,44) = 2,0154. Oleh karena, thitung tidak terletak diantara –t(0,025,44) dan +t(0,025,44), maka H1 diterima dan H0 ditolak, bearti bahwa terdapat perbedaan hasil belajar siswa yang dibelajarkan dengan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw dan tipe TGT di kelas X SMA Negeri 3 Watansoppeng pada Materi Pokok Ikatan Kimia.Kata Kunci: Jigsaw, TGT, Hasil Belajar,Ikatan Kimia. ABSTRACTThis comparison research aimed to investigate the differences of learning outcomes of Class X student SMA Negeri 3 Watansoppeng taught by using of Jigsaw and TGT types of cooperative learning. The population are all class X of SMA Negeri 3 Watansoppeng which consists of 6 classes, while the sample are Class of X3 is a sample as experiment I class which was taught by Jigsaw Type and Class of X6 as experiment II class which was taught by TGT Type of Cooperative Learning Model, the student amount of 23 participants, respectivly. The study design was "Posttest Only Design". The analysis showed the average value of student learning outcomes Jigsaw class in posttest is 72,15 with 12,17 of deviation standard and TGT class, 65,34 with 65,34 of deviation standard. The results of hypothesis values obtained at tcount = 2,0841. α = 0.05 significance level with df = 44 obtained table = 2,0154, therefore, tcount is not located between  -t(0,025,44)  and +t(0,025,44). It’is meant the H1 hypothesis is accepted and H0 is rejected. However, the conclusion there is difference outcomes learning taught by Jigsaw and TGT types of cooperative learning model of X class student of SMA Negeri 3 Watansoppeng on the subject matter of the chemical bond.Keywords: Jigsaw, TGT, Learning Outcomes, Chemical Bond

Pengaruh Lama Fermentasi terhadap Kadar Etanol dari Limbah Serabut Kelapa Sawit Hasil Pretreatment Alkali dan Hidrolisis Asam

ABSTRAKSerabut kelapa sawit merupakan sumber lignoselulosa yang belum termanfaatkan secara optimal dan dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan etanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama fermentasi terhadap kadar etanol yang dapat dihasilkan dari fermentasi serabut kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini diawali dengan pembersihan dan pengecilan ukuran serabut kelapa sawit. Kemudian pretreatment menggunakan NaOH 4%, hidrolisis dengan H2SO4 2% dan penentuan kadar gula reduksi menggunakan metode Luff Schoorl. Hasil hidrolisis kemudian difermentasi menggunakan ragi tape dengan variasi waktu fermentasi 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, dan 7 hari. Pengukuran kadar etanol dilakukan dengan menghitung densitas etanol dari hasil fermentasi yang telah didestilasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa serabut kelapa sawit dengan kadar gula reduksi sebesar 1,95% memiliki kadar etanol tertinggi pada fermentasi 5 hari dengan kadar etanol sebesar 5,96% dan densitas 0,98513 g/mL.Kata kunci: Serabut kelapa sawit, Lignoselulosa, Ragi Tape, Fermentasi, Etanol ABSTRACTPalm-press fibers is a source of lignocellulose that has not been utilize optimally and can be used as raw material for produce ethanol. This research aims to determine the effect of fermentation periode to ethanol concentration that can be produced from palm-press fibers fermentation. This research begins with the preparation that includes cleaning and size reduction of palm-press fibers. Then pretreatment using NaOH 4%, hydrolysis using H 2SO 4 2%, and determination of reducing sugar id done by Luff Schoorl method. Then fermented using tape yeast with fermentation time variation of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days. Ethanol content measurement is performed by calculating the density of ethanol from the fermentation that has been distilled. The results showed that palm-press fibers with 1,95% reducing sugar has the highest ethanol content obtained in the fermentation of 5 days with the resulting ethanol content was 5.96% and the density of 0.98513 g/mL.Keywords: Palm-press Fibers, Lignocellulose, Tape Yeast, Fermentation, Ethano

Perbandingan Karakteristik Briket Tempurung Kelapa yang Menggunakan Perekat Kanji dan Perekat Sagu

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen yang bertujuan untuk membuat dan membandingkan karakteristik briket tempurung kelapa yang menggunakan perekat kanji dan perekat sagu. Penelitian ini meliputi pengeringan bahan baku, pengarangan, penggilingan dan pengayakan, pencampuran dengan perekat, pencetakan dan pengempaan, pengeringan, dan pengujian kerapatan, kadar abu, lama pembakaran dan nilai kalor. Karakteristik briket tempurung kelapa ditinjau dari kadar perekat sagu 8% diperoleh kerapatan tertinggi 0,9054 gr/cm3 berada di atas standar nasional indonesia yaitu minimal 0,44 gr/cm3, kadar abu tertinggi pada perekat sagu 8% diperoleh 1,81% telah memenuhi standar nasional indonesia yaitu maks 8%, lama pembakaran tertinggi pada perekat sagu 8% diperoleh 2,4251 jam, dan nilai kalor pada perekat sagu 8% yaitu 6101,1056 kal/gr telah memenuhi standar indonesia yaitu 5000 kal/gr. Sedangkan, ditinjau dari perekat kanji diperoleh kerapatan 0,9117 gr/cm3, kadar abu 1,85%, lama pembakaran 2,8904 jam, dan nilai kalor 6195,8206 kal/gr.Kata kunci : briket, tempurung kelapa, perekat, nilai kalor. ABSTRACTThis research was an experimental research that aimed to create and compare the characteristics of coconut shell briquettes using starch gluten and sago gluten. This research includes drying of raw materials, composing, grinding and sifting, mixing with gluten, printing and compressing, drying and testing of density, ash content, duration of combustion and calorific value. Characteristic of coconut shell briquettes with 8% of sago gluten obtained the highest density of 0,9054 g/cm3 above the SNI minimum level of 0,44 g/cm3, The highest ash content of briquettes with 8% of sago gluten was 1,81%, has met the SNI maximum level of 8%. The longest duration of combustion of briquettes with 8% of sago gluten was 2,4251 hours, and the calorific value of briquettes with 8% of sago gluten was  6101,1056 cal/g, has met the SNI level of 5000 cal/g. While using the starch gluten obtained the density 0,9117 g/cm3, ash content of 1,85%, duration of combustion of 2,8904 hours, and the calorific value of 6195,8206 cal/g.Keywords: briquettes, coconut shell, gluten, calorific value

Pengaruh Media E-Modul Berbasis Flipbook pada Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) Terhadap Motivasi dan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas XII SMA Negeri 1 Wajo (Studi Pada Materi Pokok Sifat Koligatif Larutan)

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen semu yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh media pembelajaran e-modul berbasis flipbook pada model problem based learning terhadap motivasi dan hasil belajar peserta didik kelas XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Wajo pada materi pokok sifat koligatif larutan. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah posttest only control group design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah peserta didik kelas XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Wajo yang terdiri dari 6 kelas. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara random sampling. Kelas yang terpilih sebagai kelas eksperimen yaitu kelas XII MIPA 1 yang dibelajarkan menggunakan media pembelajaran e-modul berbasis flipbook pada model problem based learning dan sebagai kelas kontrol yaitu kelas XII MIPA 6 dibelajarkan menggunakan model problem based learning. Data motivasi belajar peserta didik untuk kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol terdistribusi normal dan memiliki varians yang homogen, sehingga dilakukan uji-t dengan α= 0,05 dan dk= 52, diperoleh thitung > ttabel (3,303>1,674). Perhitungan hasil belajar dari kelas eksperimen tidak terdistribusi normal dan kelas kontrol terdistribusi normal, serta kedua kelas berasal dari populasi yang homogen sehingga uji hipotesis yang digunakan yaitu uji statistik non-parametrik, Mann-Whitney dengan α= 0,05 diperoleh Zhitung > Ztabel (8,66 > 1,64). Terdapat pengaruh media pembelajaran e-modul berbasis flipbook pada model problem based learning terhadap motivasi dan hasil belajar peserta didik kelas XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Wajo pada materi pokok sifat koligatif larutan. Kata kunci: PBL dan e-modul berbasis flipbook ABSTRACT This research was quasi experiment research that aimed to know the effect of using e-modul based on flipbook media in problem based learning model toward students motivations and learning outcomes in class XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Wajo on subject matter of colligative properties solution. Research design was posttest only control group design. Population was students in class XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Wajo that consist of six classes. Sample was taken randomly. Experiment class was XII MIPA 1 that learned e-modul based on flipbook media in problem based learning model and control class was XII MIPA 6 that learned problem based learning model without e-modul based on flipbook media. Motivation data in experiment class and control class was normally distributed and it has homogen varians so test-t with ∝=0.05 dan dk=52 was done with tcalculated > ttable (3,303>1,647). For the learning outcome data in experiment and control class was not normally distributed while in control class was normally distributed and it has homogen varians so, parametric test by Man-Withney with ∝=0.05, was done with zcalculated > ztable (8,66>1,64). It can be concluded that there is an effect of e-modul based flipbook on media in problem based learning model toward students motivations and learning outcomes in class XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Wajo on subject matter of colligative properties solution. Keywords: PBL and e-modul based on flipboo