Dietary Practical Ingredients With Emphasis on Protein Sources for Penaeid Shrimp

Studies on the utilization of dietary practical ingredients, in particular protein sources, by penaeid shrimp juveniles were reviewed in this paper. It has been proved by a number of researchers in shrimp nutrition that diets containing a mixture of two or more protein sources are better utilized by shrimp than those containing single protein sources. In general, evaluation of the nutritive value of a feed ingredient for growth is based on both the quantity and the quality of the protein in the ingredient. The amino acid composition and the relative proportions of other dietary nutrients are mostly relevant to the efficiency of protein assimilation by penaeids. Based on the essential amino acid index (EAAI) used to screen some potential protein sources for penaeid shrimp, there were found that fish meal, shrimp meal, squid meal and soybean meal were good dietary potential protein sources with EAAIs between 0.87-0.98

Fatty Acid Profiles in Fish Silage Made from Various Marine Feedstuffs as Potential Nutrition Sources for Aquaculture Feeds

This study was designed to evaluate fish silage made from various marine feedstuffs (shrimp head, blue crab waste, mud crab waste, squid and tigawaja trash fish) as potential sources of n-3 fatty acids for aquaculture feeds. The marine feedstuffs and the fish silage were analysed for fatty acids contents. Results of fatty acid analysis showed that all the fish silage had higher levels of PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) of linolenic acid (LNA; 18:3n-3) and HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acid) of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) than the feedstuffs. This study indicates that the bioactive substances contents of n-3 fatty acids (LNA, EPA, DHA) in squid can be significantly improved by manufacturing the fish silage. Fish silage from squid was found to be the most potential source for PUFA (LNA; 5.08 vs 10.72) and HUFA (EPA; 8.07 vs 17.50 and DHA; 7.18 vs 18.08 g/100 g lipid) among the others and suitable for aquaculture feeds

The performance of lupin meal as an alternative to fishmeal in diet of juvenile Penaeus monodon under pond conditions

The present study was designed to investigate the performance of isonitrogenous practical diets containing different inclusion levels of dehulled lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) meal as an alternative for fish meal for juvenile Penaeus monodon (4.32 ± 0.57 g) reared in pens under pond conditions with a natural productivity. Five isonitrogenous experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 10, 20, and 30% dehulled lupin (L. angustifolius) meal with a corresponding reduction in fish meal from 24 (0% replacement; D1 as control) to 18 (25% replacement; D2), 12 (50% replacement; D3) and 6% (75% replacement; D4) and a diet containing dehulled lupin (L. albus) meal formulated to be similar to D2 which was designated as D5 and used for comparison. Each treatment was tested in quadruplicate and arranged in a completely randomised design. In addition, a group of shrimp put in four pond pens was not fed, to estimate the contribution of pond natural production to shrimp growth. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) of different dietary treatments on mean individual weight gain (13.3-14.2 g), survival rate (88-93%) of shrimp, and feed conversion ratio (1.45-1.55). The presence of natural food in the pond was important to boost shrimp production and approximately 36-67% of growth of shrimp in the present study was supplied by natural food. Under such conditions, dehulled lupin (L. angustifolius) meal can replace up to 75% of protein from fish meal at inclusion levels of up to 30% in isonitrogenous practical diets without any adverse effects on growth, survival, and feed conversion ratio of juvenile P. monodon. Although this study was performed using a pond pen model on a small scale, the results obtained have provided useful information on the potential of lupin based meals in a commercial semi-intensive shrimp farming

Pellet Water Stability Studies on Lupin Meal Based Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) Aquaculture Feeds : Comparison of Lupin Meal with Other Dietary Protein Sources

Nutritional quality of lupin based shrimp (Penaeus monodon) aquaculture feeds was evaluated in terms of pellet water stability. Two series of water stability experiments were carried out to study the effects of lupin meal inclusions as an dietary protein alternative for fish meal (Experiment 1) and soybean meal (Experiment 2) on percentage dry matter and protein leachings of the compounded test diets. Increasing the replacement levels of dietary fish meal with lupin meal resulted in significant decrease (P<0.05) of pellet water stability over the 480-minute immersion period. A significant improvement in water stability with the increase of the soybean meal replacement levels with lupin meal up to 50% was found, however, further increase above 50% substitution level resulted in reduced water stability of the diets. It is concluded that lupin meal can not totally replace either fish meal or soybean meal in shrimp formulated diets and a 50% replacement level of dietary fish meal or dietary soybean meal with lupin gives a promising good result in terms of pellet water stability for P. monodon diets

The Performance of Lupin Meal as an Alternative to Fishmeal in Diet of Juvenile Penaeus Monodon Under Pond Conditions

The present study was designed to investigate the performance of isonitrogenous practical diets containing different inclusion levels of dehulled lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) meal as an alternative for fish meal for juvenile Penaeus monodon (4.32 ± 0.57 g) reared in pens under pond conditions with a natural productivity. Five isonitrogenous experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 10, 20, and 30% dehulled lupin (L. angustifolius) meal with a corresponding reduction in fish meal from 24 (0% replacement; D1 as control) to 18 (25% replacement; D2), 12 (50% replacement; D3) and 6% (75% replacement; D4) and a diet containing dehulled lupin (L. albus) meal formulated to be similar to D2 which was designated as D5 and used for comparison. Each treatment was tested in quadruplicate and arranged in a completely randomised design. In addition, a group of shrimp put in four pond pens was not fed, to estimate the contribution of pond natural production to shrimp growth. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) of different dietary treatments on mean individual weight gain (13.3-14.2 g), survival rate (88-93%) of shrimp, and feed conversion ratio (1.45-1.55). The presence of natural food in the pond was important to boost shrimp production and approximately 36-67% of growth of shrimp in the present study was supplied by natural food. Under such conditions, dehulled lupin (L. angustifolius) meal can replace up to 75% of protein from fish meal at inclusion levels of up to 30% in isonitrogenous practical diets without any adverse effects on growth, survival, and feed conversion ratio of juvenile P. monodon. Although this study was performed using a pond pen model on a small scale, the results obtained have provided useful information on the potential of lupin based meals in a commercial semi-intensive shrimp farming

Kajian Kontribusi Pakan Alami dan Buatan Serta Variasi Musim Pada Performansi Pertumbuhan Juvenil Udang Penaeus monodon yang Dipelihara Dalam Tambak Air Payau

Two pond experiments were carried out to evaluate nutrition contribution of natural and formulated feeds on growth performance of juvenile black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon in seasonal variations. Forty unfed shrimp and fed shrimp groups (initial mean individual weight 0,90 ± 0,08 g) were used in the study. The juveniles were individually placed in the transportable compartments of each pen (10 animals/m2/pen) installed within a 1500 m2 fertilized earthen pond and reared for 60 days in Experiment 1 (season with greater rainfall) and another 60 days in Experiment 2 (season with lower rainfall). A range of water salinity in Experiment 1 and 2 were 6– 7 ppt and 17–19 ppt, respectively. The shrimp growth performances were regularly observed every 15 days during the study and at the end of study, survival rates of shrimp were determined. Results showed that there were a significant difference (P<0.01) in growth performance (weight gain) between the unfed-shrimp (5,1–6,9 g) and fedshrimp groups (12,5–14,1 g). Seasonal variations in rainfall did not seem to influence growth and survival performance of the shrimps. It was found that the presence of natural food in the pond was important to boost shrimp production and approximately 36% and 54% of growth of shrimp in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, were supplied by natural food. A synergism of the nutrition of natural food and formulated diets utilized by shrimp cultured under pond conditions was a proof of complementary and balance of both feed nutrition to produce the shrimp faster growths. Although this study was performed using a pond pen model on a small scale, the results obtained have provided useful information on the significant potential of natural food in a commercial semi-intensive shrimp farming regardless seasonal variations in rainfall

Peranan Nutrisi dan Teknik Pemberian Pakan dalam Peningkatan Produksi Akuakultur yang Berkelanjutan

All aquaculture production under an intensive system depends on a controlled management of feeding practices which should provide for the essential nutrients and energy in the most acceptable form and manner. It is clearly agreed that global aquaculture production will continue to increase, and much of this will occur in the developing countries of Asia and Africa, through the expansion of semi-intensive, small-scale pond aquaculture. Aquaculture has a major role in ensuring nutritional security of humans. Nutrition and feeding play a central and essential role in the sustained development of aquaculture and, therefore, fertilizers and feed resources continue to dominate aquaculture needs. This paper reviews a number of specific issues in the fields of aquatic animal nutrition and feeding which are critical for sustainable aquaculture production in both industrialized and developing countries, e.g.: the importance of nutrition and feeding on productivity, environmental and product quality and food safety; the functional role of nutrition in ensuring complete domestication including reproductive success and larval development; and feed technology and management of feeding practices. In conclusion, more pay attention should be addressed to aquaculturists in order to have carefully in assessing the impact of nutrient loading in the aquatic environment and use both science and judgment for reducing such impacts. Furthermore, a careful balance between environment, health/disease resistance and feed use should be maintained, so that the system does not deteriorate and negatively impact market value and consumer confidence. Recommendations for improvement of nutrition and feeding protocols in support of sustainable aquaculture development are also made

Lupin ingredients in shrimp (Penaeus monodon) diets: influence of lupin species and types of meals

The nutritive value of five isonitrogenous practical diets containing different legume meals, whole or dehulled lupin (Lupinus albus) seed meal (WAD and DAD, respectively), dehulled lupin (L. angustifolius) seed meal (DND), lupin (L. angustifolius) protein concentrate (LPCD), and defatted soybean meal (SBD), was evaluated in two laboratory experiments (growout and digestibility studies) using juvenile (4.07±0.05 g, mean±SD) shrimp, Penaeus monodon. In the 42-day growout study, shrimp fed SBD or DND had significantly higher (P<0.05) growth rates than those fed LPCD, DAD or WAD. Protein conversion efficiency (PCE) and apparent protein utilization (APU) values of DND were significantly higher than those of LPCD, DAD or WAD. SBD and DND had significantly higher feed intake values and better feed conversion ratios (FCRs) than WAD and DAD. LPCD had a similar FCR to other diets but lower feed intake than SBD. Shrimp fed WAD had significantly poorer performance in all the above parameters than shrimp fed other diets except for DAD and LPCD. The diets SBD, DND, LPCD, and DAD had significantly higher (P<0.05) apparent dry matter digestibilities (ADMD) (68.3–71.4%) than WAD (64.4%). All diets had a similar apparent protein digestibility (APD) (87.1–89.1%) with a small, but significant difference being observed for the diets with the highest (DND) and the lowest (WAD) protein digestibility. Pellet water stability was significantly different (P<0.05) among the diets. The most stable pellet was displayed by LPCD, while WAD had the poorest water stability. Dehulling or concentrating lupin seed protein did not improve the nutritive value of lupin diets for juvenile P. monodon. The lupin seed meal of L. angustifolius was better utilized by P. monodon than that of L. albus and the nutritive value of L. angustifolius diet was equal to that of soybean (control) diet. Results of a feeding preference test also indicated that L. angustifolius diet was more attractive for juvenile P. monodon than L. albus diet

Analysis of Traceability and Sustainability of Fish Meal and Fish Oil on Aquafeed Industry in Indonesia

The artificial feeds or pellets turns out as important need in full filling the protein needs for fish or shrimp growth in semi-intensive and intensive aquaculture systems. One of the environment stressor factors on aquaculture is the process to full fill the protein source, the fish meal and oil, which act as the main components on pellets. The most possible impact to the environment which may occur is derived from unsustainable catch methods which may affect the fishes stocks. This study is aimed to discover the traceability and sustainability aspects of fish meal and oil in order to comply with global standards for responsible aquaculture such as the ASC (Aquaculture Stewardship Council) standards. The study used a descriptive analysis method by conducting the field survey and interview to collect the data. This study sistematically analyses and presents the facts obtained from the study in order to be understood and concluded easier. The aim of the descriptive study is to sistematically and accurately describe the facts. Data were collected from survey activities on 1) the five major compound aquafeeds manufacturers in Indonesia for shrimp in East Java and West Java Provinces, 2) fish meal and fish oil producers in Provincies of East Java and West Java, and 3) fish landing ports and fishermen to investigate the sustainability of fish meal and fish oil sources. The field survey activities were carried out based on the requirements and recommendations for the possibility of available environmental issues. In the process of collecting data, an intensive communication with the aquafeeds manufacturers and fish collectors/fishermen was conducted during the study. Estimated shrimp feed productions in Indonesia in 2010 and 2011 were reported similar approximately 250,000 mt/year. Fish meal sources used in compounded aquafeeds for shrimp from different shrimp feed manufacturers varied depending on the requirement levels of fish meal origin (imported fish meal or domistic fish meal). In general, the manufacturers more used the imported fish meal (54.6%) than the domistic one (45.4%). All imported fish meal used by the shrimp feedmills is from the same captured wild fish source (Peru origin; exclusively Peruvian anchovy, Angraulis ringens) completed by the certification of Global Aquaculture Practices (G.A.P). Similarly, on the other hand all domistic fish meal used by the shrimp feedmills is from the same captured wild fish source (Bali Bay–Banyuwangi origin; exclusively Bali sardine, Sardinella longiceps) with no G.A.P certification. Dietary fish meals for Penaeus monodon were higher (30%) than those for Litopenaeus vanname (20–25%). However, dietary fish oil for Penaeus monodon and Litopenaeus vanname were similar ranging from 1–3%. As the result, FFER (feed fish equivalence ratio) performances for Penaeus monodon were higher than those for Litopenaeus vanname. However, no difference was found between FCR (feed conversion ratio) performances for Penaeus monodon and Litopenaeus vanname with similar FCR values of 1.5–1.8. In conclusion, to sustain fish meal and fish oil availability for shrimp aquafeed industry in Indonesia for the future, efforts should be carried out on reduction of fish meal and fish oil inputs in feed, development of integrated farming system, promotion of environmentally sound aquaculture practices and resource management, and discovery of more alternative feedstuffs for fish meal and fish oil. More intensive collaborations between the government and the private sectors to this matter would safe and sustain shrimp aquaculture industry in Indonesia for the future