The Study of Plasmonic Chip of Nata de Sago-green Silver Nanoparticles for Detection of Blood Glucose

The innovation of rapid blood glucose level detectors using chemical sensors still needs to be carried out continuously. Nata de sago has good potential as a safe sensor chip for blood glucose detection. To increase the detection speed, this sensor chip can be composited with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-bidara leaf extract which has plasmonic properties when interacting with visible radiation. The principle of blood glucose detection with the nata de sago-AgNPs-bidara leaf extract composite chip is based on van der Waals interactions between the functional groups in nata de sago and the hydroxyl groups in glucose compounds which are strengthened by the plasmonic nature of AgNPs.This study aims to synthesize and characterize nata de sago cellulose composite films embedded with silver nanoparticles as blood sugar detection sensor chips. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized from AgNO3 precursors using bioreductors and capping agents of bidara leaf extract (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) with various volume ratios of precursor to bioreductor 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 and 1:6. The nata de sago-AgNPs-bidara leaf extract composite was made by soaking the nata de sago film in a suspension of AgNPs-bidara leaf extract for 1 hour until the film turned yellow. The film was then dried for 24 hours at room temperature to obtain a cuvette type plasmonic film which was ready for characterization and validation.FTIR analysis showed the formation of silver particles based on vibrational spectra changes of functional groups of bioreductor compounds at wave numbers 3423 cm-1, 2924 cm-1, 1641 cm-1 and 1056 cm-1. Morphological analysis using a digital microscope showed that the AgNPs were not uniformly spherical. Particle size analysis using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed that the AgNPs formed had an estimated diameter of 32.231 – 82.261 nm. Composite film of nata de sago-AgNPs-bidara leaf extract can be used as a blood glucose sensor chip by UV-Vis spectrophotometry with LOD = 30.814 mg/dL, LOQ = 50.814, %RSD = 5.015, and %R 90.68. The values of these parameters indicate that the sensor chip has good precision (%RSD) and accuracy (%R)

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI GARAM TERHADAP VISKOSITAS SABUN CAIR BERBASIS SURFAKTAN ANIONIK

Sabun cair merupakan salah satu jenis pembersih yang cukup banyak digunakan di dalam aspek kehidupan. Material ini berfungsi sebagai bahan penghilang kotoran dan lemak pada berbagai perkakas. Tujuan dilaksanakannya penelitian ini adalah untuk dasar pengaturan viskositas sabun cair bagi penelitian-penelitian selanjutnya. Surfaktan Sodium Lauril Sulfat (SLS) digunakan sebagai bahan baku utama dan garam NaCl sebagai pengatur viskositas. Konsentrasi NaCl yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dimulai dari 0.45 % wt hingga 2.2% wt. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode reaksi batch. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan viskositas sabun cair dari 300 cps hingga 5000 cps. Oleh karenanya, pengaturan viskositas dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan konsentrasi garam sesuai kebutuhan

Catalytic conversion of glycerol to formic acid under mild condition over an iron-based catalytic system

Glycerol, produced in large amounts as the main by-product of biodiesel production from biomass, has great potential to be converted into formic acid which is a potential hydrogen carrier. This research aims to evaluate the performance of an iron-based catalytic system in the oxidation process of glycerol to formic acid. The methods used include preparing an iron (II) oxalate catalyst, determining the reaction medium and reaction time for glycerol oxidation, optimizing the conditions of the glycerol oxidation process, and analysing the glycerol oxidation products. Optimization of process conditions includes the influence of temperature, substrate/catalyst molar ratio, and oxidant/substrate molar ratio. The research showed that water was a better reaction medium for glycerol oxidation, with a reaction time of 240 minutes. Oxidation of glycerol with an iron (II) oxalate catalyst can produce formic acid products with the best results obtained at pH 5, temperature 50°C, substrate/catalyst molar ratio of 100, and oxidant/substrate molar ratio of four with 83.18% converted glycerol. The yield and selectivity of formic acid were 47.77% and 57.43% respectively. These results indicate that the iron-based catalytic system has the potential to be an effective catalytic system for glycerol oxidation under mild conditions

Effect of the addition of nanoscale cellulose fibres from bagasse on the characteristics of biofoam from avocado seed starch

Starch-based bio-foam material, as an alternative to styrofoam, has shortcomings in mechanical properties and water resistance, so it needs a filler in the form of cellulose fibre, which is insoluble in water and has strong properties. It has been studied that nanoscale fibres have an excellent mechanical property. This study aims to determine the effect of adding cellulose fibre and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) from bagasse on the characteristics of biofoam made of avocado seed starch. The manufacture of biofoam is conducted over the thermopressing method. The added cellulose fibres varied from 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% w/w, and cellulose nanofibers ranged from 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% w/w by weight of starch The results of testing biofoam from two different types of fillers showed that adding 5% of both fillers produced biofoam with the most excellent properties. Biofoam with 5% cellulose fibres from bagasse has a tensile strength value of 382.32 KPa, a water absorption capacity of 11.08%, and can degrade 10.94% in a specified time of 8 days. Adding 5% CNF from bagasse produced biofoam with a tensile strength of 385.02 Kpa, water absorption of 5.96%, and biodegradability value of 17.74% within eight days. It can be summarised that nanoscale fibres can increase the water resistance, mechanical properties, and biodegradability value of biofoam made with avocado seed starch

Effect of Microwave Pretreatment on Production of Reducing Sugar from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

Perlakuan pendahulan biomassa merupakan tahapan terpenting dalam memproduksi produk-produk berbasis bio (bio-based products) secara biologis. Pada penelitian ini, energi gelombang mikro (microwave) digunakan selama perlakuan pendahuluan untuk meningkatkan kinerja proses sakarifikasi tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) menjadi gula-gula pereduksi. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perlakuan pendahuluan seperti daya (180-360 watt), waktu iradiasi (5-30 menit), dan solid loading (2,5%-7,5%) dievaluasi. Kinerja hidrolisis TKKS yang telah diberi perlakuan pendahuluan selanjutnya dianalisis dengan Cellic CTec2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cairan residu yang diperoleh setelah perlakuan pendahuluan menghasilkan gula pereduksi dalam jumlah yang rendah, yaitu antara 1,39 dan 3,92 mg/g-TKKS. Akan tetapi, setelah padatan residu dihidrolisis secara enzimatis, rendemen gula pereduksi meningkat secara signifikan. Menariknya, hanya pada level daya terendah (180 watt), gula pereduksi meningkat seiring dengan perpanjangan waktu iradiasi untuk semua solid loading. Sebaliknya, pada 360 watt, semakin lama waktu iradiasi diterapkan, semakin rendah gula pereduksi yang diperoleh untuk semua solid loading. Gula pereduksi tertinggi dihasilkan hingga 151 mg/g-TKKS, yaitu menggunakan 5% padatan pada 180 watt selama 25 menit. Berdasarkan hasil-hasil ini, perlakuan pendahuluan menggunakan gelombang mikro yang diikuti dengan hidrolisis enzimatis merupakan salah satu metode yang potensial untuk memproduksi gula dari TKKS. Pretreatment of biomass is the most crucial step in the biological production of bio-based products. In this study, microwave energy was used during the pretreatment process to enhance the saccharification performance of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) into reducing sugar. The influential factors of pretreatment such as power level (180-360 watt), irradiation time (5-30 min), and solid loading (2.5%-7.5%) were evaluated. The performance of pretreated OPEFB hydrolysis was subsequently assessed by Cellic CTec2. The result showed that spent liquor produced after pretreatment only released a low amount of reducing sugar in the range between 1.39 and 3.92 mg/g-OPEFB. After residual solid was enzymatically hydrolyzed, a significant increase in the reducing sugar yield occurred. Interestingly, only at the lowest power level (180 watts), the reducing sugar rose along with the extension of irradiation time for all solid loadings. On the contrary, the longer irradiation time was applied, the lower reducing sugar was acquired at 360 watts for all solid loadings. The highest reducing sugar was produced up to 151 mg/g-OPEFB using 5% solid at 180 watts for 25 min. This indicated that microwave pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis was one of the potential methods to recover sugars in OPEFB

Effect of Microwave Pretreatment on Production of Reducing Sugar From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches

Perlakuan pendahulan biomassa merupakan tahapan terpenting dalam memproduksi produk-produk berbasis bio (bio-based products) secara biologis. Pada penelitian ini, energi gelombang mikro (microwave) digunakan selama perlakuan pendahuluan untuk meningkatkan kinerja proses sakarifikasi tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) menjadi gula-gula pereduksi. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perlakuan pendahuluan seperti daya (180-360 watt), waktu iradiasi (5-30 menit), dan solid loading (2,5%-7,5%) dievaluasi. Kinerja hidrolisis TKKS yang telah diberi perlakuan pendahuluan selanjutnya dianalisis dengan Cellic CTec2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cairan residu yang diperoleh setelah perlakuan pendahuluan menghasilkan gula pereduksi dalam jumlah yang rendah, yaitu antara 1,39 dan 3,92 mg/g-TKKS. Akan tetapi, setelah padatan residu dihidrolisis secara enzimatis, rendemen gula pereduksi meningkat secara signifikan. Menariknya, hanya pada level daya terendah (180 watt), gula pereduksi meningkat seiring dengan perpanjangan waktu iradiasi untuk semua solid loading. Sebaliknya, pada 360 watt, semakin lama waktu iradiasi diterapkan, semakin rendah gula pereduksi yang diperoleh untuk semua solid loading. Gula pereduksi tertinggi dihasilkan hingga 151 mg/g-TKKS, yaitu menggunakan 5% padatan pada 180 watt selama 25 menit. Berdasarkan hasil-hasil ini, perlakuan pendahuluan menggunakan gelombang mikro yang diikuti dengan hidrolisis enzimatis merupakan salah satu metode yang potensial untuk memproduksi gula dari TKKS.Pretreatment of biomass is the most crucial step in the biological production of bio-based products. In this study, microwave energy was used during the pretreatment process to enhance the saccharification performance of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) into reducing sugar. The influential factors of pretreatment such as power level (180-360 watt), irradiation time (5-30 min), and solid loading (2.5%-7.5%) were evaluated. The performance of pretreated OPEFB hydrolysis was subsequently assessed by Cellic CTec2. The result showed that spent liquor produced after pretreatment only released a low amount of reducing sugar in the range between 1.39 and 3.92 mg/g-OPEFB. After residual solid was enzymatically hydrolyzed, a significant increase in the reducing sugar yield occurred. Interestingly, only at the lowest power level (180 watts), the reducing sugar rose along with the extension of irradiation time for all solid loadings. On the contrary, the longer irradiation time was applied, the lower reducing sugar was acquired at 360 watts for all solid loadings. The highest reducing sugar was produced up to 151 mg/g-OPEFB using 5% solid at 180 watts for 25 min. This indicated that microwave pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis was one of the potential methods to recover sugars in OPEFB