Test of biomaterials in biological systems

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Biotechnology, Izmir, 2001Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 79-88)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxvi, 88 leavesCeramic, metallic, polymeric and composite materials are generally used as biomaterials in order to improve human health. In addition to desired mechanical properties of biomaterials, biocompatibility is important in the treatment or replacement of body parts. Prior to the introduction of new biomaterials to the market, detailed biological tests are carried out to prevent any undesired side effects in the body. Both in vitro and in vivo tests are applied initially which is followed by the evaluation with clinical trials of the biological safety and performance.The aim of this study was to examine some biomaterials in biological systems.For this purpose, the effects of ceramic, metallic, polymeric and ceramic composite materials with different chemical and surface properties on the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by trypan blue exclusion method, on the proliferation of PBMC by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine to DNA in the proliferating cells and the activation of PBMC by MTT test were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of biomaterials on the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1. and IL-6) from PBMC were examined by using ELISA kits. The alteration of conductivity and pH in different solutions were determined to elucidate dissolution properties of ceramic pellets. In addition, AMES test (Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test) for the determination of mutagenic potentials and the agar diffusion method for examination of anti-bacterial effects of biomaterials were applied. Adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to the surface of biomaterials was investigated by staining bacteria and examining under the optical microscope.Except for HA 800 C pellets, all samples showed positive results for biocompatibility compared to the controls without biomaterials. The dissolution of HA 800 °C pellets in the culture medium changed the ionic environment that led to a decrease in the viability, proliferation and activation of PBMC. However, BSA-coated HA 800 °C pellets increased the cell viability with respect to uncoated HA 800 °C pellets. Polished metallic samples and other metallic and polymeric samples showed high percent cell viabilities during 48 hours. After 72 hours, most probably because of released ions and particles to the environment, a decline in the viabilities of PBMC was determined. A negative correlation between increasing extract concentration and the cell viability was observed for all ceramic samples especially after 48 and 72 hours treatments.Cytokine secretion analysis after treatment of PBMC with biomaterials indicated that HA 800 °C, HA-Alumina 1250 °C and HA-Zirconia 1250 °C pellets led to a decrease in IL-1. secretion and BSAcoated HA 800 °C pellets in the presence of LPS. Stainless steel, titanium alloy and cirulene pellets caused low levels of IL-1. secretion. In addition, BSA-coated HA 800 °C pellets increased IL-6 secretion compared to uncoated pellets. In metallic samples, low IL-6 levels were obtained with and without LPS stimulation.Moreover, the proliferation and activation of PBMC in the presence of biomaterials were evaluated. HA 800 °C, HA-Alumina 1250 °C and HA-Zirconia 1250 °C samples had inhibitory effects on the proliferation of PBMC in the presence of Con A. In the activation of PBMC, HA 800 °C and HA 900 °C samples showed the lowest values at all incubation periods. Moreover, other ceramic samples showed lower cell activation than the control cultures after 48 and 72 hours treatments. In addition, the cell activation was observed at 24 hours after treatment with the ceramic extracts at low concentrations.Furthermore, investigation of dissolution properties of ceramic samples indicated that only HA 800 °C pellets led to significant increases in the conductivity of cell culture medium and deionized water. Moreover, a slight increase in the pH levels of solutions was obtained in the presence of HA 800 °C samples, but not in the other samples.Finally, none of the extracts of biomaterials in PBS had mutagenic effect on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain when they were compared to the mutagenic material (sodium azide) and the negative controls. In addition, all tested ceramic powders, ceramic pellets, metallic and polymeric materials had no anti-bacterial effects on both gram-negative strains (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, Proteus spp.) and gram-positive strains (S. aureus and S. pyogenes). In bacterial adhesion studies, it was found that surface roughness and other surface properties play important roles for attachment, adhesion and formation of biofilm by bacteria on the surface of material.As a result, although the ceramic samples sintered at low temperatures resulted in a decrease in the viability of PBMC, all tested biomaterials showed positive results for in vitro biocompatibility evaluation

Virulence properties of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus food isolates encoding Panton-Valentine Leukocidin gene

In this study, three Panton-Valentine Leukocidin gene carrying methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) strains (M1-AAG42B, PY30C-b and YF1B-b) were isolated from different food samples in Kesan-Edirne, Turkey. These strains were characterized on the basis of MLST type, spa type, virulence factor gene contents, antibiotic susceptibilities against 21 antibiotics and biofilm formation. The genetic relatedness of the strains was determined by PFGE. In addition, the complete gene sequences of lukS-PV and lukF-PV were also investigated. All strains were found to be susceptible to tested antibiotics and they were mecA negative. Three strains showed the same PFGE band pattern, ST152 clonal type and t355 spa type. In the detection of virulence factor genes, sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sek, sel, sem, sen, seo, sep, seq, seu, eta, etb, set1, geh and tst genes were not detected. All strains showed the positive results for α- and β-haemolysin genes (hla and hlb), protease encoding genes (sspA, sspB and aur), lukE and lukD leukocidin genes (lukED). The strains were found to be non-biofilm formers. By this study, the virulence properties of the strains were described and this is one of the first reports regarding PVL-positive MSSA strains from food. © 2010 Elsevier B.V

Untersuchung der virulenzeigenschaften von aus fleisch und fleischwaren isolierten staphylokokken

Virulence properties (biofilm formation, antibiotic susceptibility, production of extracellular enzymes and the presence of toxin genes) of staphylococci isolated from various meat and meat products were investigated. 22 Staphylococcus spp. (S. aureus n = 9, S. haemolytlcus n = 4, S. cohnii n = 3, S. saprophytics n = 3, S. hominis n = 1, S. simulans n = 1 and S. warneri n = 1) were isolated from 120 meat and meat product samples. 10 strains were biofilmformers. Although none of the strains was resistant to vancomycin, oxacillin, teicoplanin, ofloxacin and gentamicin, 8 strains were found to be resistant to penicillin and one strain was found to be resistant to erythromycin. In addition, all strains were negative for the mecA PCR. 8 strains showed lipolytic activity against Tween 80,10 strains against Tween 20, and 18 strains against tributyrin. Moreover, 9 strains showed proteolytic activity against casein, 11 strains against milk and 17 strains against skim milk containing media. Mostly S. aureus strains showed positive results for icaA-SA, nuc, geh, sspA, sspB, aur, serine protease gene, hla, hlb, set1, and etb. However, 7 of coagulase-negative staphylococci strains were found to carry see gene. As both prevalence and concentration of this bacterium were low, and no isolate contained all virulence factors, it is concluded that common hygiene and process control measures should be sufficient to control meatborne staphylococcal intoxication

Extracellular enzyme production and enterotoxigenic gene profiles of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from cheese in Turkey

The aim of the present study was to investigate the biochemical characteristics, extracellular enzyme production and enterotoxigenic genes contents of 6 Bacillus cereus and 22 Bacillus thuringiensis strains, isolated from 100 cheese samples in Turkey. Crystal morphologies of B. thuringiensis strains were found either spherical (n = 12) or spherical and irregular-shaped (n = 10) by phase contrast microscopy. B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains were found to produce extracellular enzymes, respectively: gelatinase (83% and 91%), DNase (83% and 77%), lecithinase (83% and 95%), protease on skim milk agar (100% and 100%), protease on milk agar (100% and 91%), protease on casein agar (83% and 77%), xylanase (100% and 45%), and cellulase (0% and 41%), and amylase (83% and 27%). All of the strains, except for Bt-D1, hydrolyzed Tween 20 (96%), but not Tween 80 or tributyrin. Pectinolytic activity was obtained to be the least frequent (4%). PCR analysis showed that all strains contained nheA, nheB, nheC and hblD genes. The hblA and hblC genes were present in 2 and 4 of B. thuringiensis strains, respectively. The bceT gene was detected in 1 B. cereus and 9 B. thuringiensis strains. The entFM gene was detected more frequently in B. thuringiensis (82%) than in B. cereus strains (50%). To our knowledge, this is the first report about the isolation and identification of enterotoxigenic B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains from cheese samples in Turkey

Prevalence of staphylococcal enterotoxins, toxin genes and genetic-relatedness of foodborne Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in the Marmara Region of Turkey

Staphylococcus aureus is a major foodborne pathogen and it has the ability to produce a number of extracellular toxins. We analyzed 1070 food samples obtained from retail markets and dairy farms in the Marmara Region of Turkey for the presence of S. aureus. Out of 147 isolates, 92 (62.6%) were enterotoxigenic. PCR was used to investigate the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sek, sel, sem, sen, seo, sep, seq and seu), exfoliative toxin genes (eta and etb) and the toxic - shock syndrome toxin gene (tst). The PCR results showed that 53.3% of the isolates contained staphylococcal enterotoxin-like (SEl) toxin genes (seg, seh, sei, sej, sek, sel, sem, sen, seo, sep, seq and seu) which were more frequent than classical enterotoxin genes (sea to see). Furthermore, seo, sei, sem, seg, seu and sec were found in 37.0, 32.7, 30.4, 29.3, 29.3 and 27.2% of the isolates, respectively. The tst gene was detected and confirmed by DNA sequencing in 9 isolates. The presence of eta and etb were not found in the isolates. Enterotoxigenic capabilities of isolates with SEA-SEE were investigated by ELISA. Enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates produced one to three enterotoxins, with the most frequently produced types being enterotoxin A and C. There was a correlation of 72.1% between production of a specific toxin and the presence of the respective genes. PFGE analysis was used to identify genetic-relatedness of enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates and the results revealed that 13 groups of isolates from different or the same origin that contained the same genes showed 100% homology with indistinguishable band patterns. The other enterotoxigenic isolates showed related band patterns with 72-86% homology in sea-, 61-90% homology in sec-, 80-96% homology in seh-, and 69-96% homology in sep-positive isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine enterotoxins and related gene contents of S. aureus food isolates in the Marmara Region of Turkey.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (107T266); Istanbul University (UDP-3645/13042009

Promjena nekih biokemijskih vrijednosti u Honamli koza i dugodlakih koza u vrijeme spolnog sazrijevanja.

Honamlı goats have been defined and recorded as a new breed but the literature is very limited on these goats. In terms of meat production, they have been reported as having some of the highest potential among the goat breeds in Turkey. The aim of the present study was to determine the alterations in blood serum chemistry values in the puberty period in Honamlı and Native Hair goats. Selected biochemistry parameters were chosen due to their association with meat production potential. Blood samples of Honamlı (n = 90, 45 animals for each sex) and Native Hair goats (n = 90, 45 animals for each sex) were obtained from goat herds in the Western Mediterranean region of Turkey. The values of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, total lipids, triglycerides and uric acid were measured in the sera obtained from blood samples of males and females in equal numbers of each species, in the three age groups of 4, 8 and 12 months. One-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test were performed for statistical evaluation. In both male and female animals, ALT, AST, CK, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, total lipids, triglycerides and uric acid levels exhibited significant (P<0.05) differences between the age groups. Our findings suggest that there are age-associated parallel increases of ALT values in female goats and total lipid values in male goats. The present study also reveals that the analyzed biochemical values usually change after 4 months of age when compared with the other age groups.Honamli koza je nova pasmina koza pa su literaturni podatci o njoj vrlo oskudni. Jedna je od pasmina s najvećim mogućnostima za proizvodnju mesa u Turskoj. Cilj je ovog rada odrediti promjene biokemijskih vrijednosti u krvnom serumu Honamli koza i dugodlakih koza za vrijeme spolnog sazrijevanja. Za istraživanje su odabrani neki biokemijski pokazatelji povezani s proizvodnjom mesa. Uzorci krvi Honamli koza (n = 90, po 45 životinja oba spola) i dugodlakih koza (n = 90, po 45 životinja oba spola) uzeti su od stada u Zapadnom Mediteranskom području Turske. Vrijednosti alkalne fosfataze (ALP), alanin transaminaze (ALT), aspartat transaminaze (AST), kreatin kinaze (CK), kalcija, kolesterola, kreatinina, željeza, magnezija, fosfora, ukupnih lipida, triglicerida i mokraćne kiseline izmjerene su u uzorcima seruma uzetima od muških i ženskih životinja obiju pasmina podijeljenih u skupine prema dobi od 4, 8 i 12 mjeseci. Jednostavna analiza varijance i Tukeyev test rabljeni su za statističku obradbu podataka. I u muških i u ženskih životinja ustanovljene su značajne razlike (P<0,05) među dobnim skupinama za razine ALT, AST, CK, kalcija, kolesterola, kreatinina, željeza, magnezija, fosfora, ukupnih lipida, triglicerida i mokraćne kiseline. Nalazi pokazuju usporedno povećanje vrijednosti ALT u ženskih životinja i vrijednosti ukupnih lipida u muških životinja. Analizirane biokemijske vrijednosti obično se mijenjaju nakon 4 mjeseca starosti u usporedbi s drugim dobnim skupinama

Détermination de l’expression des gènes codant pour le TNF-α et la leptine par RT-PCR dans le sang de vaches présentant un déplacement de la caillette à gauche

The aims of this study are to evaluate the TNF-α and leptin gene expression in blood from Holstein cows with left abomasal displacement and to correlate it with induced liver injury. The TNF-α and leptin expression in blood samples was determined by RT-PCR after normalisation using the constant expression of the housekeeping GAPDH gene in cows with left abomasal displacement (LAD) (n = 20) before surgery and 7 days after as well as in healthy controls (n = 10). Plasma hepatic enzyme (AST: aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: alanine aminotransferase and ALP: alkaline phosphatase) activities were measured in parallel. Plasma AST and ALP activities dramatically increased in diseased cows during the preoperative period and then declined. Although not significantly, the leptin expression tended to decrease in LAD affected cows while the TNF-α expression tended to increase during the postoperative period. These results suggest that TNF-α may be associated with liver damage during abomasal displacement and that leptin was inversely correlated.Les objectifs de cette étude ont été d’évaluer l’expression des gènes codant pour le TNF-α et la leptine dans le sang de vaches Holstein présentant un déplacement à gauche de la caillette et de la corréler avec les lésions hépatiques induites. L’expression du TNF-α et de la leptine a été déterminée par RT-PCR après normalisation en considérant l’expression du gène de ménage GAPDH comme constante dans les échantillons sanguins provenant de vaches atteintes d’un déplacement à gauche de la caillette (n = 20) avant et 7 jours après traitement chirurgical ou provenant de vaches saines (témoins, n = 10). Les activités plasmatiques des enzymes hépatiques (AST : aspartate aminotransférase, ALT ; alanine aminotransférase et PAL : phosphatase alcaline) ont été mesurées en parallèle. Les activités plasmatiques de l’AST et de la PAL étaient considérablement augmentées chez les vaches malades avant la chirurgie puis elles ont diminué durant la période postopératoire. Bien que les variations n’aient pas été significatives, l’expression de la leptine chez les animaux malades a tendu à diminuer alors que celle du TNF-α a augmenté durant la période postopératoire. Ces résultats suggèrent que le TNF-α pourrait être associé aux lésions hépatiques associées à un déplacement de la caillette alors que la leptine serait inversement corrélée.Scientific Research Projects Commission of Mehmet Akif Ersoy Universit

Bakteriyel Vajinal Mikrobiyotanın Metagenomik Yaklaşımla Tanımlanması

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, alem düzeyinden tür düzeyine kadar farklı taksonomik seviyelerde yüksek verimli yeni nesil dizileme ve metagenomik yaklaşım kullanarak 38 Türk kadınının vajinal bakteriyel mikrobiyotasını belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hastanesi Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Kliniği’nde Haziran 2021’de DNA/RNA koruma toplama tüplerine vajinal sürüntü örnekleri (n=38) alındı ve ZymoBIOMICS DNA miniprep kiti ile DNA ekstraksiyonu yapıldı. Hastaların yaşı, medeni durumu, ön tanı ve anamnez durumu ile ilgili bilgiler toplandı. Vajinal mikrobiyotayı belirlemek için 16S rRNA amplikon DNA dizilimi kullanılarak metagenomik bir yaklaşım uygulandı. Bulgular: Vajinal örneklerde baskın filum Firmicutes’i Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Tenericutes, Fusobacteria ve Synergistetes izledi. Lactobacillus en fazla bulunan “cins düzeyinde bakteri” olup onu Prevotella, Enterobacter, Gardnerella ve Dialister izledi. Vajinal sürüntü örneklerinde tür düzeyinde Lactobacillus iners baskın bulundu, bunu Gardnerella vaginalis, Enterobacter tabaci, Prevotella timonensis, Prevotella bivia ve Lactobacillus jensenii izledi. Kanonik uyum analizi (CCA), filum düzeyinde Proteobacteria ve Fusobacteria’nın en yüksek yüzdelerle evli/bekar değişkeni ile ilişkili olduğunu, ancak Actinobacteria ve Tenericutes’in yaş değişkeni ile ilişkili olduğunu gösterdi. Campylobacter, Atopobium, Enterobacter ve Lactococcus en yüksek yüzdelerle evli/bekar değişkeni ile ilişkili bulunurken, Anaerococcus, Streptococcus, Sutterella ve Veillonella en yüksek yüzdelerle yaşla ilişkili bulundu. Ayrıca, CCA, Campylobacter ureolyticus, Lb. jensenii ve Atopobium vajinae türlerinin evli/bekar değişkeni ile en yüksek yüzdelerle ilişkilendirirken, Lactobacillus johnsonii ve G. vaginalis en yüksek yüzdelerle yaş değişkeninde ilişkili bulundu. Sonuç: Vajinal hastalıklar hala önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Son yıllarda teknolojik gelişmeler sayesinde daha derinlemesine çalışılan vajinal mikrobiyotanın sanıldığından daha karmaşık olduğu keşfedilmiştir. Bu bulguları doğrulamak ve geliştirmek için daha fazla hasta araştırmasına ihtiyaç vardır

Alteration of boza microbiota in the fermentation process

Boza is a fermented beverage containing beneficial microorganisms for human health. In our study, microbiota present in raw materials used boza production (corn flour, wheat flour, and mayşe), 1st day, 3rd day of boza fermentation and 4th day final product of boza, has been identified by Next Generation DNA Sequencing and metagenomic analysis. As a result of genus-level analysis directly from corn flour and wheat flour samples contained dominantly Streptophyta and Pleomorphobacterium, while in the 1st day, 3rd day, the final product of boza and boza ferment the dominant bacteria were Leuconostoc and Lactococcus at genus level. In the analysis of the pre-enriched samples, the dominant bacteria in corn flour were Enterococcus, Klebsiella, and Micromonospora and in wheat flour were Pantoea and Bacillus. Boza ferment, boza on the 1st day, boza on the 3rd day and the final product of boza dominantly contained Lactococcus. The bacterial diversity, similarity and differences among samples were analyzed by Principal Coordinate Analysis and dendrogram construction. The contribution of raw materials used in the production of boza change to the products at the fermentation stage and to the microbiota during the fermentation process and their contribution to the final product were determined by metagenomic analysis at DNA level.Boza, insan sağlığı için yararlı mikroorganizmaları içeren fermente bir içecektir. Çalışmamızda boza üretiminde ham madde olarak kullanılan (mısır unu, buğday unu, mayşe) ve boza fermantasyonunun 1. günü, 3. günü ve 4. gün son ürün boza’nın içerdiği mikrobiyota Yeni Nesil DNA Dizileme yöntemi ve metagenomik analiz ile ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Örneklerden doğrudan cins düzeyinde yapılan analiz sonucunda, mısır unu ve buğday ununda dominant olarak Streptophyta ve Pleomorphobacterium bulunurken; bozanın 1. gün, 3. gün ve son ürün ile boza mayasında dominant bakterilerin Leuconostoc ve Lactococcus cinsine ait olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ön zenginleştirme yapılan örneklerin analizinde, mısır ununda dominant bakteriler Enterococcus, Klebsiella ve Micromonospora, buğday ununda ise Pantoea ve Bacillus olduğu, boza mayası, 1. gün boza, 3. gün boza ve satışa sunulan son üründe dominant bakteri Lactococcus olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışmamızda örnekler arasındaki bakteriyel çeşitlilik, benzerlik ve farklılıklar Principal Coordinate Analiz ve dendrogram oluşturulması ile ortaya konmuştur. Boza üretiminde kullanılan ham maddelerin bozanın fermantasyon aşamalarındaki ürünler ile fermantasyon sürecinde mikrobiyotasına nasıl değiştiği ve son ürüne olan katkıları, DNA düzeyinde yapılan metagenomik analizler ile belirlenmiştir

Test of biomaterials in biological systems

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Biotechnology, Izmir, 2001Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 79-88)Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and Englishxvi, 88 leavesCeramic, metallic, polymeric and composite materials are generally used as biomaterials in order to improve human health. In addition to desired mechanical properties of biomaterials, biocompatibility is important in the treatment or replacement of body parts. Prior to the introduction of new biomaterials to the market, detailed biological tests are carried out to prevent any undesired side effects in the body. Both in vitro and in vivo tests are applied initially which is followed by the evaluation with clinical trials of the biological safety and performance.The aim of this study was to examine some biomaterials in biological systems.For this purpose, the effects of ceramic, metallic, polymeric and ceramic composite materials with different chemical and surface properties on the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by trypan blue exclusion method, on the proliferation of PBMC by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine to DNA in the proliferating cells and the activation of PBMC by MTT test were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of biomaterials on the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1. and IL-6) from PBMC were examined by using ELISA kits. The alteration of conductivity and pH in different solutions were determined to elucidate dissolution properties of ceramic pellets. In addition, AMES test (Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test) for the determination of mutagenic potentials and the agar diffusion method for examination of anti-bacterial effects of biomaterials were applied. Adhesion of pathogenic bacteria to the surface of biomaterials was investigated by staining bacteria and examining under the optical microscope.Except for HA 800 C pellets, all samples showed positive results for biocompatibility compared to the controls without biomaterials. The dissolution of HA 800 °C pellets in the culture medium changed the ionic environment that led to a decrease in the viability, proliferation and activation of PBMC. However, BSA-coated HA 800 °C pellets increased the cell viability with respect to uncoated HA 800 °C pellets. Polished metallic samples and other metallic and polymeric samples showed high percent cell viabilities during 48 hours. After 72 hours, most probably because of released ions and particles to the environment, a decline in the viabilities of PBMC was determined. A negative correlation between increasing extract concentration and the cell viability was observed for all ceramic samples especially after 48 and 72 hours treatments.Cytokine secretion analysis after treatment of PBMC with biomaterials indicated that HA 800 °C, HA-Alumina 1250 °C and HA-Zirconia 1250 °C pellets led to a decrease in IL-1. secretion and BSAcoated HA 800 °C pellets in the presence of LPS. Stainless steel, titanium alloy and cirulene pellets caused low levels of IL-1. secretion. In addition, BSA-coated HA 800 °C pellets increased IL-6 secretion compared to uncoated pellets. In metallic samples, low IL-6 levels were obtained with and without LPS stimulation.Moreover, the proliferation and activation of PBMC in the presence of biomaterials were evaluated. HA 800 °C, HA-Alumina 1250 °C and HA-Zirconia 1250 °C samples had inhibitory effects on the proliferation of PBMC in the presence of Con A. In the activation of PBMC, HA 800 °C and HA 900 °C samples showed the lowest values at all incubation periods. Moreover, other ceramic samples showed lower cell activation than the control cultures after 48 and 72 hours treatments. In addition, the cell activation was observed at 24 hours after treatment with the ceramic extracts at low concentrations.Furthermore, investigation of dissolution properties of ceramic samples indicated that only HA 800 °C pellets led to significant increases in the conductivity of cell culture medium and deionized water. Moreover, a slight increase in the pH levels of solutions was obtained in the presence of HA 800 °C samples, but not in the other samples.Finally, none of the extracts of biomaterials in PBS had mutagenic effect on Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain when they were compared to the mutagenic material (sodium azide) and the negative controls. In addition, all tested ceramic powders, ceramic pellets, metallic and polymeric materials had no anti-bacterial effects on both gram-negative strains (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, Proteus spp.) and gram-positive strains (S. aureus and S. pyogenes). In bacterial adhesion studies, it was found that surface roughness and other surface properties play important roles for attachment, adhesion and formation of biofilm by bacteria on the surface of material.As a result, although the ceramic samples sintered at low temperatures resulted in a decrease in the viability of PBMC, all tested biomaterials showed positive results for in vitro biocompatibility evaluation