A selection of the analysed tools.

<p>Each tool is accompanied by a photo of the tool in use by a macaque prior to its collection. Each tool is represented by a photograph (with 1 cm scale) and a 3D scan of the same face, displaying use-wear. Tool codes are: (a) Tik01; (b) Che01; (c) Amb02; (d) Orc01; (e) Sln01; (f) Amb03. Macaque photos by MG, tool photos by MG and MH.</p

Location of the study site.

<p>Location of the study site.</p

Our data indicated differences in behavioural elements across hammering classes in average a) bout duration, b) number of strikes, c) strike rate, and d) size.

<p>Panel e) shows that the proportion of bouts exhibiting smooth recoil, the use of both hands, the use of precision grips, striking towards a different plane, and seated posture differed across hammering classes as well. Letters are used to denote statistical significance. Each letter groups bars into non-significant groups within each analysis, and thus significantly different bars to not share letters. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean.</p

Supplementary Material 2

Dimensional and UAI data for all hammerstones studie

The hammering classes and tool-use action patterns of Burmese long-tailed macaques.

<p>The hammering classes and tool-use action patterns of Burmese long-tailed macaques.</p

Scan sampling indicated differences in the proportion of point, face, or edge hammering used across five groups.

<p>Letters are used to denote statistical significance. Each letter groups bars into non-significant groups within each analysis, and thus significantly different bars do not share letters. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean.</p

Use-Action Index, predicted use-action and last observed use-action.

<p><i>UAI</i>: Use-Action Index, see text for details. <i>Pre</i>: use-action predicted by UAI (A = axe hammer, P = pound hammer). <i>Obs</i>: observed use-action prior to tool collection.</p

The number of individuals observed to use each hammering class and action patterns from scan samples, the percentage of the population that this constitutes, and average percentage of individuals’ tool-use scans in which each pattern was recorded.

<p>The number of individuals observed to use each hammering class and action patterns from scan samples, the percentage of the population that this constitutes, and average percentage of individuals’ tool-use scans in which each pattern was recorded.</p

Schematic diagram of the tool zones.

<p>Schematic diagram of the tool zones.</p

Behavioural and material components of Burmese long-tailed macaque tool use.

<p>Behavioural and material components of Burmese long-tailed macaque tool use.</p