In vitro protein folding by ribosomes from Escherichia coli, wheat germ and rat liver

Ribosomes from a number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources (e.g., Escherichia coli, wheat germ and rat liver) can refold a number of enzymes which are denatured with guanidine/HCl prior to incubation with ribosomes. In this report, we present our observations on the refolding of denatured lactate dehydro-genase from rabbit muscle and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from baker's yeast by ribosomes from E. coli, wheat germ and rat liver, The protein-folding activity of E. coli, ribosomes was found to be present in 50s particles and in 23S rRNA. The 30S particle or 16S rRNA did not show any protein-folding activity. The protein-folding activity of 23S rRNA may depend on its tertiary conformation. Loss of tertiary structure, by incubation with low concentrations of EDTA, inhibited the protein-folding activity of 23S rRNA. This low concentration of EDTA had no effect on folding of the denatured enzymes by themselves

Fishing techniques and gears developed by tribal communities around Bargi Reservoir in Madhya Pradesh, India

1098-1101Traditional knowledge (TK) plays a very important role in the lives of millions of people around the world. There is an immense need for documentation of traditional knowledge especially in countries rich in biodiversity, such as India. Bargi is one of the major dams constructed on the river Narmada in Madhya Pradesh. Local communities have used various fishing methods since time immemorial. Construction of the dam changes the ecology and hydrology of the river. Tribal communities have adapted their fishing techniques to these changes and have also developed new techniques. Fishing technique described in this paper is practiced around Bargi Reservoir. Five types of crafts and different gears were encountered during the two years of seasonal survey

Fishing techniques and gears developed by tribal communities around Bargi Reservoir in Madhya Pradesh, India

Traditional knowledge (TK) plays very important role in the millions of people around the world. There is immense need of documentation of traditional knowledge especially in countries rich in biodiversity, such as India. Bargi is one of the major dam constructed on river Narmada in Madhya Pradesh. Local communities use various fishing methods since time memorable.  Dam changes ecology and hydrology of river. Tribal communities have adapted their fishing techniques to these changes and have also developed new techniques. Fishing technique described is this paper practiced around Bargi Reservoir. Six type  of  crafts  and different  gears  were encountered  during  the  two years of seasonal survey

In vivo experiments demonstrate the potent antileishmanial efficacy of repurposed suramin in visceral leishmaniasis

Background: Treatment failure and resistance to the commonly used drugs remains a major obstacle for successful chemotherapy against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Since the development of novel therapeutics involves exorbitant costs, the effectiveness of the currently available antitrypanosomatid drug suramin has been investigated as an antileishmanial, specifically for VL,in vitro and in animal model experiments. Methodology/Principal: Leishmania donovani promastigotes were treated with suramin and studies were performed to determine the extent and mode of cell mortality, cell cycle arrest and other in vitro parameters. In addition, L. donovani infected BALB/c mice were administered suramin and a host of immunological parameters determined to estimate the antileishmanial potency of the drug. Finally, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and enzymatic assays were used to probe the interaction of the drug with one of its putative targets namely parasitic phosphoglycerate kinase (LmPGK). Findings: The in vitro studies revealed the potential efficacy of suramin against the Leishmania parasite. This observation was further substantiated in the in vivo murine model, which demonstrated that upon suramin administration, the Leishmania infected BALB/c mice were able to reduce the parasitic burden and also generate the host protective immunological responses. ITC and enzyme assays confirmed the binding and consequent inhibition of LmPGK due to the drug. Conclusions/Significance: All experiments affirmed the efficacy of suramin against L. donovani infection, which could possibly lead to its inclusion in the repertoire of drugs against VL

Information Security and Privacy in the Digital World: Some Selected Topics

In the era of generative artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, while there is explosive growth in the volume of data and the associated need for processing, analysis, and storage, several new challenges are faced in identifying spurious and fake information and protecting the privacy of sensitive data. This has led to an increasing demand for more robust and resilient schemes for authentication, integrity protection, encryption, non-repudiation, and privacy-preservation of data. The chapters in this book present some of the state-of-the-art research works in the field of cryptography and security in computing and communications.Comment: Published by IntechOpen, London Uk in Nov 2023, the book contains 8 chapters spanning over 131 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2307.02055, arXiv:2304.0025

Nonperturbative studies of fuzzy spheres in a matrix model with the Chern-Simons term

Fuzzy spheres appear as classical solutions in a matrix model obtained via dimensional reduction of 3-dimensional Yang-Mills theory with the Chern-Simons term. Well-defined perturbative expansion around these solutions can be formulated even for finite matrix size, and in the case of $k$ coincident fuzzy spheres it gives rise to a regularized U($k$) gauge theory on a noncommutative geometry. Here we study the matrix model nonperturbatively by Monte Carlo simulation. The system undergoes a first order phase transition as we change the coefficient ($\alpha$) of the Chern-Simons term. In the small $\alpha$ phase, the large $N$ properties of the system are qualitatively the same as in the pure Yang-Mills model ($\alpha =0$), whereas in the large $\alpha$ phase a single fuzzy sphere emerges dynamically. Various `multi fuzzy spheres' are observed as meta-stable states, and we argue in particular that the $k$ coincident fuzzy spheres cannot be realized as the true vacuum in this model even in the large $N$ limit. We also perform one-loop calculations of various observables for arbitrary $k$ including $k=1$. Comparison with our Monte Carlo data suggests that higher order corrections are suppressed in the large $N$ limit.Comment: Latex 37 pages, 13 figures, discussion on instabilities refined, references added, typo corrected, the final version to appear in JHE

Induction of alternatively activated macrophages enhances pathogenesis during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection

Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causes acute lung injury (ALI) that often leads to severe lung disease. A mouse model of acute SARS-CoV infection has been helpful in understanding the host response to infection; however, there are still unanswered questions concerning SARS-CoV pathogenesis. We have shown that STAT1 plays an important role in the severity of SARS-CoV pathogenesis and that it is independent of the role of STAT1 in interferon signaling. Mice lacking STAT1 have greater weight loss, severe lung pathology with pre-pulmonary-fibrosis-like lesions, and an altered immune response following infection with SARS-CoV. We hypothesized that STAT1 plays a role in the polarization of the immune response, specifically in macrophages, resulting in a worsened outcome. To test this, we created bone marrow chimeras and cell-type-specific knockouts of STAT1 to identify which cell type(s) is critical to protection from severe lung disease after SARS-CoV infection. Bone marrow chimera experiments demonstrated that hematopoietic cells are responsible for the pathogenesis in STAT1(−/−) mice, and because of an induction of alternatively activated (AA) macrophages after infection, we hypothesized that the AA macrophages were critical for disease severity. Mice with STAT1 in either monocytes and macrophages (LysM/STAT1) or ciliated lung epithelial cells (FoxJ1/STAT1) deleted were created. Following infection, LysM/STAT1 mice display severe lung pathology, while FoxJ1/STAT1 mice display normal lung pathology. We hypothesized that AA macrophages were responsible for this STAT1-dependent pathology and therefore created STAT1/STAT6(−/−) double-knockout mice. STAT6 is essential for the development of AA macrophages. Infection of the double-knockout mice displayed a lack of lung disease and prefibrotic lesions, suggesting that AA macrophage production may be the cause of STAT1-dependent lung disease. We propose that the control of AA macrophages by STAT1 is critical to regulating immune pathologies and for protection from long-term progression to fibrotic lung disease in a mouse model of SARS-CoV infection

The second age of computer science: from ALGOL genes to neural nets

Between the genesis of computer science in the 1960s and the advent of the World Wide Web around 1990, computer science evolved in significant ways. The author has termed this period the "second age of computer science." This book describes its evolution in the form of several interconnected parallel histories

Computer architecture : a modern synthesis, vol.1 foundations/ Dasgupta

x, p. 377: ill.; 25 c

Computer architecture : a modern synthesis Vol . 1 : Foundations

xiv,377hlm.;bib.;ill.;indek