Electrolyte Optimization for Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of Antimony Sulfide/Graphene Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries–Carbonate-Based and Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

The electrolyte is a key component in determining the performance of sodium-ion batteries. A systematic study is conducted to optimize the electrolyte formulation for a Sb₂S₃/graphene anode, which is synthesized via a facile solvothermal method. The effects of solvent composition and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive on the electrochemical properties of the anode are examined. The propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte with FEC can ensure the formation of a reliable solid-electrolyte interphase layer, resulting in superior charge–discharge performance, compared to that found in the ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC)-based electrolyte. At 60 °C, the carbonate-based electrolyte cannot function properly. At such an elevated temperature, however, the use of an <i>N</i>-propyl-<i>N</i>-methylpyrrolidinium bis­(fluorosulfonyl)­imide ionic liquid electrolyte is highly promising, enabling the Sb₂S₃/graphene electrode to deliver a high reversible capacity of 760 mAh g^–1 and retain 95% of its initial performance after 100 cycles. The present work demonstrates that the electrode sodiation/desodiation properties are dependent significantly on the electrolyte formulation, which should be optimized for various application demands and operating temperatures of batteries

Electrolyte Optimization for Enhancing Electrochemical Performance of Antimony Sulfide/Graphene Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries–Carbonate-Based and Ionic Liquid Electrolytes

The electrolyte is a key component in determining the performance of sodium-ion batteries. A systematic study is conducted to optimize the electrolyte formulation for a Sb₂S₃/graphene anode, which is synthesized via a facile solvothermal method. The effects of solvent composition and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive on the electrochemical properties of the anode are examined. The propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte with FEC can ensure the formation of a reliable solid-electrolyte interphase layer, resulting in superior charge–discharge performance, compared to that found in the ethylene carbonate (EC)/diethyl carbonate (DEC)-based electrolyte. At 60 °C, the carbonate-based electrolyte cannot function properly. At such an elevated temperature, however, the use of an <i>N</i>-propyl-<i>N</i>-methylpyrrolidinium bis­(fluorosulfonyl)­imide ionic liquid electrolyte is highly promising, enabling the Sb₂S₃/graphene electrode to deliver a high reversible capacity of 760 mAh g^–1 and retain 95% of its initial performance after 100 cycles. The present work demonstrates that the electrode sodiation/desodiation properties are dependent significantly on the electrolyte formulation, which should be optimized for various application demands and operating temperatures of batteries