Characterization of semigroup by rough interval pythagorean fuzzy set

This paper expose a study on rough interval valued pythagorean fuzzy sets in semigroups. We characterize rough interval valued pythagorean fuzzy sets by an example. Characterize composition of two interval valued pythagorean fuzzy sets. Introduce rough interval valued pythagorean fuzzy left(right, bi-, interior-,(1,2)-)ideals in semigroups. Moreover we prove an interval valued pythagorean fuzzy set is an upper rough interval valued pythagorean fuzzy left(right) ideal of semigroup also we give an example for converse of this is not true. Lower and upper approximation of an interval valued pythagorean fuzzy ideal of semigroup is an interval valued pythagorean fuzzy ideal of semigroup.Publisher's Versio

Comparison of Efficacy of Different Concentration of Bupivacaine in Ultrasound-Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block for Postoperative Pain Relief in Lower Segment Cesarean Section

INTRODUCTION: Women undergoing cesarean delivery present distinctive set of challenges to the anaesthesiologist in the immediate postoperative period. These women want to be active in the postoperative period to care their child. The American college of obstetrics & gynecology states that the objective of postoperative analgesia in cesarean section patients is to hasten early ambulation, postoperative recovery and promote maternal infant bonding. Various modalities of treatment are available for controlling postoperative pain effectively like usage of opioids/NSAIDS, regional techniques and field blocks. As a part of postoperative analgesic regimen, initially opioids are required for effectual analgesia. But opioids can cause side-effects like emesis, nausea, itching, sedation, and respiratory depression. Hence alternative regimen that reduces opioid requirements will be beneficial in this population. Post-cesarean section pain and discomfort may be anticipated due to skin incision, uterine incision and uterine contraction. A significant amount of pain the patients feel is due the surgical incision. Hence blocking sensory nerve supply of the anterior abdominal wall will provide effective postoperative analgesia. TAP block is one of the regional anaesthetic techniques that block the innervation of abdominal wall. McDonnell and his colleagues demonstrated the effectiveness of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block for postoperative analgesia in cesarean section patients. He performed TAP block with 1.5 mg/kg ropivacaine and demonstrated reduced postoperative visual analog scale pain scores. It has been very well proved by various studies that TAP block is a promising approach in providing good postoperative analgesia. Mcmorrow and his collegues in their study used 1mg/kg of 0.375% bupivacaine in landmark based approach of TAP and showed its effectiveness. Especially use of ultrasound for TAP block, provides real time images that can be seen during the procedure and drugs can be given more exactly into the desired location than performing a blind technique to block the nerves. This technique increases the safety of the procedure. In a study done by Hyun jung shin and his colleagues, in patients undergoing gynecological surgeries, they used 0.375% ropivacaine in TAP block under ultrasound guidance and concluded that US-TAP block has decreases narcotic use and improves the patient satisfaction. Costello and colleagues used 20 ml of 0.375% ropivacaine bilaterally in TAP under ultrasound guidance and demonstrated its opioid sparing effects in postoperative analgesic regimen. Baaj and his colleagues used 40 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine in ultrasound guided TAP block and proved its effectiveness. Though there are many clinical trials using various local anaesthetics in different concentrations in TAP block, there is no standard guidelines regarding the choice of local anaesthetics, its dose and concentration to be used. Since there have been no published dose-response studies investigating the effective analgesic dose of bupivacaine for use in a TAP block for postoperative analgesia, we proposed a study primarily examining the effect on requirement of first dose of rescue analgesia when 0.25% bupivacaine, and 0.375% bupivacaine are used for TAP blocks. Hence the goal of our study is to compare the effectiveness of 0.25% Bupivacaine and 0.375% Bupivacaine in ultrasound-guided TAP (Transversus Abdominis Plane) and the intensity of blockade provided by them as a part of postoperative analgesic regimen in patients undergoing lower segment cesarean section via pfannensteil incision. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of our study is to compare the efficacy of 0.25% Bupivacaine and 0.375% Bupivacaine in ultrasound-guided TAP (Transversus Abdominis Plane) block for postoperative analgesia in lower segment cesarean section under standardized general anaesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in Government Kilpauk Medical College after obtaining ethical committee approval of our institute. 40 Parturients belonging to ASA physical status I & II undergoing elective Lower segment cesarean section were enrolled in our study. All the patients were explained about the purpose and details of the study. Informed written consent was obtained from each patient. This study was conducted between the period of July 2012-October 2012. Study Design: Our study was a prospective double blinded randomized control study. Patient Selection Criteria: All these 40 patients were examined, evaluated clinically and biochemically and made familiar with study plan were assessed for Elective LSCS after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria under General Anaesthesia with physical status ASA I & II and were Grouped into two Groups with 20 patients in each Group. Inclusion Criteria: 1. ASA Class I & II, 2. Patients undergoing elective LSCS under pfannensteil incision. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Age 35 years, 2. BMI >30, 3. ASA Class III & IV (Severe PIH, Stenotic Valvular Heart disease), 4. Emergency Surgery (Includes Fetal distress, threatened rupture, hemodynamic compromise) , 5. History of allergy to local anaesthetics, 6. Patients not willing for TAP block/General Anaesthesia, 7. patients with a history of diabetes mellitus, 8. patients undergoing a vertical midline skin incision, 9. Psychiatric patients, 10. Bleeding diathesis, 11. Difficult Airway. Study Group Selections: The 40 selected and assessed patients planned for Elective LSCS under General Anaesthesia with physical status ASA I & II were randomly divided into two Groups of 20 patients each, as GROUP A : 20 patients received bilateral TAP Block with 15ml of 0.25% Bupivacaine on each side labeled as Standard Drug solution A. GROUP B : 20 patients received bilateral TAP Block with 15ml of 0.375% Bupivacaine on each side labeled as Study Drug solution B. The analyzer then allotted them into 2 Groups. 20 patients who had received 30ml of 0.25% bupivacaine were assigned to Group A or study Group. Remaining 20 patients who had received 30ml of 0.375% bupivacaine were allocated to Group B. All the patients were given test dose of Bupivacaine pre-operatively. Study Period: The study period was from the time of initiation of block upto the requirement of first rescue analgesic dose. Observation Period: Patients in both the Groups were monitored and observed in the PACU for 24 hours for any side effects and complications. Materials Used in our Study: 1. Ultrasound machine with a transducer (7-13 MHz), 2. Sterile gloves, 3. Ultrasound probe cover, 4. Antiseptic solution for skin disinfection, 5. ultrasound gel, 6. 23 gauge spinal needle, 7. 20ml syringe with injection tubing. SUMMARY: A prospective randomized double blinded study was designed to compare the efficacy of 0.375% and 0.25% bupivacaine in ultrasound guided transversus abdominis plane block in patients undergoing elective lower segment ceaserean section under general anesthesia. Based on the analysis of the results and discussion in our study, the conclusions arrived at are summarized as below. • There was no statistically significant difference in demographic profiles between the two studied Groups. • There was no statistically significant difference in Onset of analgesia between the two studied Groups. • The duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged with 0.375% Bupivacaine than 0.25%.[mean duration of analgesia –average of 365min with Group A vs 544min with Group B]. • Both the Group of patients very well maintained their vital parameters throughout the study period. • There was no failure of TAP block in either of the Group and all patients had post operative pain relief for 6-10 hours. • Patient satisfaction in all the patients in both the Groups are good. • There was no adverse reactions or side effects in either of the Groups. • There was no complications like local anaesthetic toxicity noted in both the Groups. CONCLUSION: Hence, we conclude that usage of 0.375% of Bupivacaine in USG guided TAP block significantly provide more prolonged duration of post operative pain relief after Elective LSCS compared to equivolume dose of 0.25% bupivacaine We also conclude that 15 ML of 0.375% of Bupivacaine can be safely used in each side of TAP block for providing post operative pain relief after Elective LSCS without producing any adverse or toxic effects

Photorefractive polymeric solitons

We show the existence of photorefractive polymeric solitons in a bulk photorefractive polymer. We also show the existence of incoherently coupled two dimensional soliton pairs under steady state condition. The soliton pairs can exist under the condition that the two beams are mutually incoherent and have the same wavelength and polarization. The system was studied using the variational method and the result so obtained was analyzed using the finite-difference Beam Propagation method. Stable propagation of the soliton beam through the medium was observed

Probing IC/CMB Interpretation for the X-ray knots of AGN through VHE observations

Detection of hard X-ray spectrum from the kilo-parsec scale jet of active galactic nuclei cannot be accounted to the synchrotron emission mechanism from the electron distribution responsible for the radio/optical emission. Alternate explanations are the inverse Compton scattering of cosmic microwave background photons (IC/CMB) or synchrotron emission from a second electron population. When the X-ray emission is interpreted as IC/CMB process, the Compton spectrum peak at GeV energy and were predicted to be the Fermi candidate sources. The non-detection of significant gamma ray flux from these galaxies by Fermi disfavoured the IC/CMB interpretation of the high energy emission. We extend this study to predict the very high energy (VHE) gamma ray emission due to IC/CMB model which can be investigated by Cherenkov Telescope Array(CTA). The model parameters deciding the broadband spectral energy distribution are estimated using analytical approximation of the emissivity functions. The emission model is extrapolated to VHE energy and then compared with the CTAO sensitivity. Particularly, we selected the sources for which the IC/CMB model is not ruled out by initial Fermi observations.Comment: Submitted to MNRAS Main Joura

AN ECO-FRIENDLY APPROACH FOR SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING Ipomoea Pes-Caprae ROOT EXTRACT AND THEIR ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES

objective: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were obtained through green synthesis using Ipomoea pes-caprae root extract for the first time. The activebiomolecules present in the roots of I. pes-caprae, are ergoline alkaloids, indolizidine alkaloids, benzenoids and phenolic compounds act as both thereduction and stabilization of AgNPs.Methods: The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, transmissionelectron microscope (TEM).Results: A peak at 400 nm was obtained in UV-Visible spectroscopy confirmed the formation of AgNPs. TEM microgram confirms that AgNPs were inthe nano range and spherical in nature, the size was observed to be 50 nm.Conclusion: A higher zone of inhibition was observed in the AgNPs synthesized from the root extract of I. pes-caprae because of the active biomoleculescapped on the AgNPs that has greater efficacy against bacteria.Keywords: Ipomoea pes-caprae, Silver nanoparticles, Antimicrobial activity

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLE FROM FICUS CARICA FRUIT EXTRACT, CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES AND ITS APPLICATION ON DYE DEGRADATION STUDIES

ABSTRACTObjective: The synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) has become a matter of great interest in recent times due to their various advantageous propertiesand applications in a variety of fields. Metal NPs are being increasingly used in many sectors, and there is growing interest in the biological andenvironmental safety of their production.Methods: In this study, iron oxide NPs (Fe3O4-NPs) were synthesized from fruits of Ficus carica using a rapid, single step and completely greenbiosynthetic method by reduction of ferrous sulfate solution with F. carica ethanolic extract. The prepared Fe3O4-NPs were investigated by X-raydiffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.Results: The report emphasizes the effect of superparamagnetic Fe3O4-NPs on the degradation rate of hazardous dyes acid blue.Conclusion: To conclude, Fe3O4-NPs were prepared from fruits of F. carica using a rapid, single step and completely green biosynthetic method byreduction of ferrous sulfate solution with F. carica ethanolic extract.Keywords: Ficus carica, Ethanolic extract, Reduction, Ferrous sulfate, Superparamagnetic iron oxide nano particles, Dye degradation.Â

1110 Improved real-time cine with the use of a 32-channel cardiac array and Karhunen-Loeve Transform filter

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from SAGE Publications via the DOI in this record.Leader-member exchange (LMX) theory proposes that leaders develop different quality relationships with those they manage and this is predictive of work performance. While LMX quality has been viewed as univalent (ranging from low to high quality), this paper proposes that it can also be bivalent in nature (i.e., coexisting positive and negative thoughts towards the relationship), which we refer to as LMX ambivalence. A survey measure of LMX ambivalence is developed, and through three validation and two main studies, it is shown to have construct, discriminant, and incremental predictive validity beyond that of LMX quality. Hypotheses concerning LMX ambivalence and task performance are tested in two main studies and show that (1) LMX ambivalence is negatively related to performance regardless of LMX quality, (2) high levels of perceived support from the organization (Study 1) or coworkers (Study 2) nullify the negative association between LMX ambivalence and performance, and (3) high LMX ambivalence leads to more negative affect and in turn lower task performance, but only when coworker support is low (Study 2). These results show the importance of viewing LMX quality not only in terms of its absolute level (low vs. high quality) but also as a bivalent construct where both positive and negative cognitions can coexist. They also demonstrate the value of social support in buffering the negative effects of LMX ambivalence. Furthermore, our findings extend a central tenet of LMX theory by implying that LMX quality varies not only within groups (i.e., LMX differentiation) but also within leader-follower dyads

An integrative review of the challenges in 3D bioprinting

As a method of scaffold fabrication, 3D bioprinting uses a combination of natural and synthetic materials for useful tissue scaffold. The formulation of advanced bioink is getting widespread attention. However, there is a challenge associated with bioink and their printing using varied printing nozzles. Printing of biomaterials ink is a customized method to provide a chance to diffuse different cell types at desired locations. Materials that can be printed and then seeded with cells after printing, but are not directly formulated with cells, which needs external stimuli for crosslinking. The major purpose of this integrative review poster is to look at how material selection, synthesis methodologies, computational navigation of printer, environmental conditions, and post-printing effects on in-vitro 3D printed scaffolds

Enhanced CO2 absorption kinetics in lithium silicate platelets synthesized by a sol–gel approach

Platelet-shaped lithium orthosilicate particles synthesized by a sol–gel approach employing the precursors lithium nitrate and colloidal silica displayed enhanced absorption kinetics for CO2 compared to the powders prepared by a solid-state reaction process involving Li2CO3 and silica. The sol–gel samples showed a CO2 absorption capacity of 350 mg g-1 at an absorption rate of 22.5 mg g-1 min-1, a value 70% higher than the rate of 13.2 mg g-1 min-1 measured with the solid-state samples under similar conditions. The higher sorption kinetics of CO2 by the sol–gel derived lithium orthosilicate could be attributed to the unique platelet morphology of the particles, which have a very small thickness. A porous carbon mesh coated with the sol–gel based particles exhibited CO2 absorption capacity of 150 mg g-1 at an absorption rate of 37.5 mg g-1 min-1. This supported absorbent also showed stable absorption and desorption performance for the 8 cycles examined in this study. The excellent absorption characteristics of the sol–gel prepared powders, more specifically the coated strips, provide a successful pathway for the commercialisation of these materials