The Worship of the Hero stone in the Purananuru

Purananooru is a very good book that tells the life of the ancient Tamils. It is a book that explains the valour, generosity, education, warfare, diet, excellence, hospitality and friendship of the ancient Tamils. Moreover, the book contains a lot of songs that express the valour of the ancient Tamils. The Purananooru hymns indicate that there was a custom of erecting 'Nadukal' to commemorate the sacrifices of the soldiers who were martyred during such a war. This article describes the way in which the spirits of the martyrs were offered flowers, peacocks, and food grains because they believed that they would remain in the tomb or in the middle stone. The incident of dying despite fasting and facing north has been pointed out and the incident of setting the middle stone for those who died is also mentioned. There are many types of stones in the middle stones such as veerakal, satikal, pattavan kal, Puli, Kuttikal, Nava Kandam, Ayutha Kal, etc. Animals like tiger, lion, leopard, etc., will block the way when they stop those who are smuggling goats and cows and bring them through the forest. It has been customary to plant a stone on the spot and worship the hero who dies while fighting with them. The researchers refer to it as a tiger stick. Similarly, there are many varieties such as pig-, horse-drawn stones, elephant-fighting stones, etc. Our forefathers had the habit of worshipping in this way by erecting a stone. It is also a continuation of the fact that we are now erecting tombs for the dead

Style of Vagada Sangraha Chintamani Palm Leaf Manuscript

If a literature has survived the passage of time, it is because of certain peculiarities in the literature. Literature excels because of its ability to convey its ideas in a simple, concise, clear and elegant manner. In order to convey this, rhetoric, imaginative, tonal, ornamental, simile, hint and taste techniques should be used. The style differs from writer to writer. Style expresses the personality of a writer. This article explains the style of the first hundred verses in the Vagada Sangraha Chintamani

Drought and heat effect on growth rate of some maize consanguine lines and hybrids created at A.R.D.S. Lovrin

Recently, the climate conditions in the Banat area, in terms of thermal and hydric regime, underwent significant changes, even dramatic in 2017. The lack of rainfall and the very high temperatures this summer have significantly affected the growth, development and fructification of maize in this area. When the atmospheric heat rises above the pedological drought, maize culture is almost compromised, reaching very high production losses, even over 40-50%. This study relates to the ability to adapt parental forms and hybrids obtained from them. From the results it can be noticed that the thermal regime affects only the blooming and silk fenofase and the rainfall regime influences the first stages of growth affecting the parental forms more intensely, in some hybrids there is observed a uniformity of the height with that of one of the parental forms

A Novel Approach for Integrated Shortest Path Finding Algorithm (ISPSA) Using Mesh Topologies and Networks-on-Chip (NOC)

A novel data dispatching or communication technique based on circulating networks of any network IP is suggested for multi data transmission in multiprocessor systems using Networks-On-Chip (NoC). In wireless communication network management have some negatives have heavy data losses and traffic of data sending data while packet scheduling and low performance in the varied network due to workloads. To overcome the drawbacks, in this method proposed system is Integrated Shortest Path Search Algorithm (ISPSA) using mesh topologies. The message is sent to IP (Internet Protocol) in the network until the specified bus accepts it. Integrated Shortest Path Search Algorithm for communication between two nodes is possible at any one moment. On-chip wireless communications operating at specific frequencies are the most capable option for overcoming metal interconnects multi-hop delay and excessive power consumption in Network-on-Chip (NoC) devices. Each node can be indicated by a pair of coordinates (level, position), where the level is the tree's vertical level and the view point is its horizontal arrangement in the sequence of left to right. The output gateway node's n nodes are linked to two nodes in the following level, with all resource nodes located at the bottommost vertical level and the constraint of this topology is its narrow bisection area. The software Xilinx 14.5 tool by using that overall performance analysis of mesh topology, each method are reduced data losses with better accuracy although the productivity of the delay is decreased by 21 % was evaluated and calculated.

Comparing learning outcomes: on-screen versus print reading

This study aimed to investigate the differences between on-screen reading and print reading in terms of reading comprehension and retention. It also explored the impact of demographic factors on the relationship between reading modality and reading comprehension. A total of 120 participants completed reading tasks in both on-screen and print formats, and their comprehension and retention scores were recorded. The results showed that the print reading group outperformed the on-screen reading group in both comprehension and retention. In addition, participants who had more experience with on-screen reading demonstrated better reading comprehension regardless of the modality. However, no significant interactions were found between reading modality and any of the demographic factors. These findings have implications for educators and learners who rely on digital devices for reading and learning. It is suggested that print reading may be more effective for promoting reading comprehension and retention, although previous experience with on-screen reading may play a role in improving reading comprehension in the digital format. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of these effects and to identify ways to optimize reading and learning experiences in both digital and print formats

A Fibreoptic Endoscopic Study of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding at Bugando Medical Centre in Northwestern Tanzania: a Retrospective Review of 240 Cases.

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is recognized as a common and potentially life-threatening abdominal emergency that needs a prompt assessment and aggressive emergency treatment. A retrospective study was undertaken at Bugando Medical Centre in northwestern Tanzania between March 2010 and September 2011 to describe our own experiences with fibreoptic upper GI endoscopy in the management of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in our setting and compare our results with those from other centers in the world. A total of 240 patients representing 18.7% of all patients (i.e. 1292) who had fibreoptic upper GI endoscopy during the study period were studied. Males outnumbered female by a ratio of 2.1:1. Their median age was 37 years and most of patients (60.0%) were aged 40 years and below. The vast majority of the patients (80.4%) presented with haematemesis alone followed by malaena alone in 9.2% of cases. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alcohol and smoking prior to the onset of bleeding was recorded in 7.9%, 51.7% and 38.3% of cases respectively. Previous history of peptic ulcer disease was reported in 22(9.2%) patients. Nine (3.8%) patients were HIV positive. The source of bleeding was accurately identified in 97.7% of patients. Diagnostic accuracy was greater within the first 24 h of the bleeding onset, and in the presence of haematemesis. Oesophageal varices were the most frequent cause of upper GI bleeding (51.3%) followed by peptic ulcers in 25.0% of cases. The majority of patients (60.8%) were treated conservatively. Endoscopic and surgical treatments were performed in 30.8% and 5.8% of cases respectively. 140 (58.3%) patients received blood transfusion. The median length of hospitalization was 8 days and it was significantly longer in patients who underwent surgical treatment and those with higher Rockall scores (P < 0.001). Rebleeding was reported in 3.3% of the patients. The overall mortality rate of 11.7% was significantly higher in patients with variceal bleeding, shock, hepatic decompensation, HIV infection, comorbidities, malignancy, age > 60 years and in patients with higher Rockall scores and those who underwent surgery (P < 0.001). Oesophageal varices are the commonest cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in our environment and it is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The diagnostic accuracy of fibreoptic endoscopy was related to the time interval between the onset of bleeding and endoscopy. Therefore, it is recommended that early endoscopy should be performed within 24 h of the onset of bleeding

Derivation and validation of a risk-factor model for detection of oral potentially malignant disorders in populations with high prevalence

Background:Oral and pharyngeal cancers constitute the sixth most common type of cancer globally, with high morbidity and mortality. In many countries, most cases of oral cancer arise from long-standing, pre-existing lesions, yet advanced malignancies prevail. A new approach to early detection is needed. We aimed to validate a model for screening so that only high-risk individuals receive the clinical examination.Methods:A community-based case-control study (n1029) in rural Sri Lanka assessed risk factors and markers for oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) by administering a questionnaire followed by an oral examination. We then developed a model based on age, socioeconomic status and habits of betel-quid chewing, alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking, with weightings based on odds ratios from the multiple logistic regression. A total, single score was calculated per individual. Standard receiver-operator characteristic curves were plotted for the total score and presence of OPMD. The model was validated on a new sample of 410 subjects in a different community.Results:A score of 12.0 produced optimal sensitivity (95.5%), specificity (75.9%), false-positive rate (24.0%), false-negative rate (4.5%), positive predictive value (35.9%) and negative predictive value (99.2%).Conclusion:This model is suitable for detection of OPMD and oral cancer in high-risk communities, for example, in Asia, the Pacific and the global diaspora therefrom. A combined risk-factor score of 12.0 was optimal for participation in oral cancer/OPMD screening in Sri Lanka. The model, or local adaptations, should have wide applicability

Reconstructive periodontal therapy with simultaneous ridge augmentation. A clinical and histological case series report

Treatment of intrabony periodontal defects with a combination of a natural bone mineral (NBM) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) has been shown to promote periodontal regeneration in intrabony defects. In certain clinical situations, the teeth presenting intrabony defects are located at close vicinity of the resorbed alveolar ridge. In these particular cases, it is of clinical interest to simultaneously reconstruct both the intrabony periodontal defect and the resorbed alveolar ridge, thus allowing insertion of endosseous dental implants. The aim of the present study was to present the clinical and histological results obtained with a new surgical technique designed to simultaneously reconstruct the intrabony defect and the adjacently located resorbed alveolar ridge. Eight patients with chronic advanced periodontitis displaying intrabony defects located in the close vicinity of resorbed alveolar ridges were consecutively enrolled in the study. After local anesthesia, mucoperiosteal flaps were raised, the granulation tissue removed, and the roots meticulously scaled and planed. A subepithelial connective tissue graft was harvested from the palate and sutured to the oral flap. The intrabony defect and the adjacent alveolar ridge were filled with a NBM and subsequently covered with a bioresorbable collagen membrane (GTR). At 11–20 months (mean, 13.9 ± 3.9 months) after surgery, implants were placed, core biopsies retrieved, and histologically evaluated. Mean pocket depth reduction measured 3.8 ± 1.7 mm and mean clinical attachment level gain 4.3 ± 2.2 mm, respectively. Reentry revealed in all cases a complete fill of the intrabony component and a mean additional vertical hard tissue gain of 1.8 ± 1.8 mm. The histologic evaluation indicated that most NBM particles were surrounded by bone. Mean new bone and mean graft area measured 17.8 ± 2.8% and 32.1 ± 8.3%, respectively. Within their limits, the present findings indicate that the described surgical approach may be successfully used in certain clinical cases to simultaneously treat intrabony defects and to reconstruct the resorbed alveolar ridge