Changes in Korean Wage Inequality, 1980−2005

Korea is known not only for rapid economic growth but also relatively low wage inequality. It is one of the few countries in which wage inequality decreased during the 1980s, though in recent years wage inequality has increased. This paper studies what factors contributed to the changes in wage inequality during the last two decades. This paper implements a recently developed Oaxaca-type inequality decomposition method to decompose "U" shaped changes in inequality into characteristics (quantity), coefficients (price) and residuals effects at both overall and detailed levels. The results of decomposition analysis show that changes in the wage structure significantly contribute to the changes in wage inequality in Korea. The coefficients effect of human capital factors has played a major role not only in increasing wage inequality from mid-1990s, but also decreasing wage inequality in 1980s and early 1990s.decomposition analysis of inequality, earnings equation, coefficients (price) effect, characteristics (quantity) effect, residuals effect

Sinkronisasi Pasal 36 Ayat (2) Peraturan Presiden Nomor 12 Tahun 2013 Tentang Jaminan Kesehatan Terhadap Pasal 23 Ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2004 Tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional Terkait Kerjasama Dengan Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial

Penelitian mengenai sinkronisasi antara Pasal 36 ayat (2) Peraturan Presiden Nomor 12 Tahun 2013 tentang Jaminan Kesehatan terhadap Pasal 23 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2004 tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional yang mengatur mengenai kerjasama fasilitas kesehatan milik Pemerintah dan Pemerintah Daerah ini dilatarbelakangi dengan adanya perbedaan dari segi bekerjanya aturan hukum di dalam kedua pasal tersebut, Pasal 36 ayat (2) Peraturan Presiden Nomor 12 Tahun 2013 tentang Jaminan Kesehatan bersifat memaksa karena fasilitas kesehatan milik pemerintah dan pemerintah daerah diwajibkan untuk bekerjasama dengan BPJS Kesehatan, sementara dalam Pasal 23 ayat (1) Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2004 tentang Sistem Jaminan Sosial Nasional, pasal tersebut bersifat mengatur karena fasilitas kesehatan milik pemerintah atau swasta dapat bekerjasama dengan BPJS atau dapat tidak bekerjasama dengan BPJS. Kemudian berdasarkan hierarki peraturan Perundang-undangan, kedudukan Peraturan Presiden dan Undang-undang tidaklah sama dan melahirkan sebuah pertentangan norma

Bis(melaminium) tartrate dihydrate

In the title compound, 2C3H7N6 +·C4H4O6 2−·2H2O, in which the complete anion is generated by crystallographic twofold symmetry, there are O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen-bonding inter­actions between neighbouring moieties, forming layers parallel to the bc plane. In addition, π–π contacts [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6541 (9) Å] between the six-membered rings of the melamine cations are observed

Effect of an Ethanol Extract of Scutellaria baicalensis on Relaxation in Corpus Cavernosum Smooth Muscle

Aims of study. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether an ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis (ESB) relaxes penile corpus cavernosum muscle in organ bath experiments. Materials and methods. Changes in tension of cavernous smooth muscle strips were determined by penile strip chamber model and in penile perfusion model. Isolated endothelium-intact rabbit corpus cavernosum was precontracted with phenylephrine (PE) and then treated with ESB. Results. ESB relaxed penile smooth muscle in a dose-dependent manner, and this was inhibited by pre-treatment with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, and 1H-[1, 2, 4]-oxadiazolo-[4,3-α]-quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor. ESB-induced relaxation was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with tetraethylammonium (TEA), a nonselective K+ channel blocker, and charybdotoxin, a selective Ca2+-dependent K+ channel inhibitor. ESB increased the cGMP levels of rabbit corpus cavernosum in a concentration-dependent manner without changes in cAMP levels. In a perfusion model of penile tissue, ESB also relaxed penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion. Taken together, these results suggest that ESB relaxed rabbit cavernous smooth muscle via the NO/cGMP system and Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels in the corpus cavernosum

Pullulan Nanoparticles as Prebiotics Enhance the Antibacterial Properties of Lactobacillus plantarum Through the Induction of Mild Stress in Probiotics

Synbiotics, which are the combination of probiotics and prebiotics, have recently attracted attention because of their synergistic net health benefits. Probiotics have been used as alternatives to antibiotics. Among the probiotics, Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) has shown strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli K99, a major livestock pathogen. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of phthalyl pullulan nanoparticle (PPN)-treated LP. Interestingly, when PPNs were added to LP, the PPNs were internalized into the LP through an energy-dependent and galactose transporter-dependent mechanism. Additionally, more plantaricin, a natural antibacterial peptide, was secreted from PPN-treated LP than from untreated or pullulan-treated LP. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli K99 and Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes by PPN-treated LP was higher than those of untreated or pullulan-treated LP. It is thought that the enhanced antimicrobial properties of the PPN-treated LP are due to intracellular stimulation. Overall, this research provides a new method of producing plantaricin in LP through intracellular stimulation by internalized PPNs

The Effect of Competitive Advantage and Human Advantage on Industrial Competitive Strategy (Case Study: Smis in Gorontalo Province)

Small and Medium Industries (SMIs) have a strategic role in the Indonesian economy, as they earn 61.9 percent of the foreign exchange which goes to make up the nation\u27s Gross Domestic Product, and nationally they are able to absorb 97 percent of the workforce. The Global Competitiveness Report also notes that SMIs serve as the business units that affect every nation\u27s competitiveness. Considering this strategic role, the selection of a competitive strategy for these SMIs is absolutely necessary. Through an in-depth literature review, this study aims to explore what variables influence the competitive strategy of industries, particularly the SMIs. By using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with a total of 31 main literature (articles, papers and books), this study has found two dominant factors that influence industrial competitive strategy: Competitive advantage and human advantage, which are subsequently developed into six independent variables (construct variables), i.e. cost, delivery, product quality, product variety, know-how and innovativeness, with a total of 44 indicators. The results of measurements of the sample of SMIs in Gorontalo Province, using Structural Equation Modeling, found that both competitive advantage and human advantage jointly influence 40.2 percent of the industrial competitive strategies. These results indicate that competitive strategies, such as creating products with unique features, on-time delivery, flexibility in production, and employee involvement in the innovations, are indispensable to SMIs in order for them to produce quality products and be able to maintain their advantage