Biologically active compounds from selected aphyllophorales mycelial cultures

The obtained results confirm the hypothesis that mycelial cultures of domestic species of aphyllophorales are able to accumulate biologically active metabolites.Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że przebadane kultury mycelialne krajowych gatunków grzybów afylloforoidalnych są zdolne do akumulacji metabolitów aktywnych biologicznie

Analysis of indole derivatives in methanolic extracts from mycelium of Agaricus bisporus cultured in vitro on liquid Oddoux medium

Methanolic extracts obtained from biomass of Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach cultured in vitro were analyzed for qualitative and quantitative composition of non-hallucinogenic indole compounds in order to compare their amount with fruiting bodies of these species. Extracts demonstrated to contain six indole compounds. Contents of individual compounds ranged from 0.01 to 21.33 mg/100 g d.w. in biomass from in vitro cultures. The quantitatively dominating compounds included: 5-hydroxytryptophan (12.50 mg/100 g d.w.), Ltryptophan (14.00 mg/100 g d.w.) and serotonin (7.00 mg/100 g d.w.). Total content of the remaining indole compounds under analysis in the study was 55.32 mg/100 g d.w.Po raz pierwszy zidentyfikowane i ilościowo oznaczone zostały związki indolowe w kulturach in vitro Agaricus bisporus na płynnym podłożu wg Oddoux. Analiza wykazała, że ekstrakty metanolowe otrzymane z grzybni zawierają sześć związków indolowych: L -tryptofan, 5 - hydroksytryptofan, serotoninę, melatoninę, tryptaminę i 5-metylotryptamię. Zawartości poszczególnych składników w biomasie z kultur in vitro były zróżnicowane w zakresie od 0,01 do 21,33 mg/100 g s. m. Dominującymi ilościowo związkami były: 5-hydroksytryptofan (12,50 mg/100 g s. m.), L-tryptofan (14,00 mg/100 g) i serotonina (7,00 mg/100 g). Całkowita zawartość związków indolowych w badanym materiale wynosiła 55,32 mg/100 g s. m. Biomasa z kultur in vitro badanego gatunku jest dobrym źródłem 5-hydroksytryptofanu i L- tryptofanu. Kultury in vitro A. bisporus mogą być wykorzystane jako model do badań nad akumulacją i metabolizmem związków indolowych

Culinary and medicinal mushrooms : insight into growing technologies

Humans have used mushrooms from the beginning of their history. However, during the last few decades, the market demand for these fruiting bodies has increased significantly owing to the spread in the capabilities of culinary and pharmacological exploitation. Natural mushroom resources have become insufficient to meet the support needs. Therefore, traditional methods of extensive cultivation as well as modern technologies have been exploited to develop effective growing recommendations for dozens of economically important mushroom species. Mushrooms can decompose a wide range of organic materials, including organic waste. They play a fundamental role in nutrient cycling and exchange in the environment. The challenge is a proper substrate composition, including bio-fortified essential elements, and the application of growing conditions to enable a continuous supply of fruiting bodies of market quality and stabilized chemical composition. Many mushroom species are used for food preparation. Moreover, they are treated as functional foods, because they have health benefits beyond their nutritional value, and are used as natural medicines in many countries. Owing to the rapid development of mushroom farming, we reviewed the growing technologies used worldwide for mushroom species developed for food, processing, and pharmacological industries

Analysis of indole compounds in "Armillaria mellea" fruiting bodies

A TLC method with densitometric detection for identification and quantitation of indole compounds in methanolic extracts of fruiting bodies of Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) P. Kumm. (Basidiomycota) ñ Honey mushroom has been developed. The TLC method with densitometric detection was validated for determination of tryptamine and serotonin contents. The use of this chromatographic-densitometric method for analysis of extracts allowed for a precise, easy and quick determination of the compounds under study. We identified three physiologically active indole compounds: tryptamine, L- tryptophan and serotonin. This analysis demonstrated the highest contents of L-tryptophan (4.467 mg/100 g d.w.). The contents of tryptamine were comparable with the contents of serotonin and amounted to: 2.740 and 2.207 mg/100 g d. w

Anti-inflammatory activities of garlic sprouts, a source of α-linolenic acid and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, in RAW 264.7 cells

The purpose of this study was to analyze the indolic, phenolic, and fatty acid content and antioxidant activity of garlic sprouts growing in the dark and in the daylight. The pro- or anti-inflammatory properties of the garlic sprout extract were investigated by evaluating the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E synthase (cPGES), glutathione S transferase (GSTM1), nuclear factor NF-κB, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) protein levels in the RAW 264.7 cells activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The highest amount of total indolic (73.56 mg/100 g f.w.) and phenolic compounds (36.23 mg/100 g f.w.) was detected in garlic sprouts grown in the daylight. Studies on antioxidant activity (the FRAP and DPPH method) of garlic sprouts showed that this activity is significantly higher for sprouts grown in full access to light when compared to those grown in the dark. In garlic sprout extracts, α-linolenic acid (ALA) was found to be in greater amount. COX-2 and cPGES level was lower when compared to LPS alone activated cells. After garlic extract treatment, higher level of GSTM1, PPARΥ, cytosolic p50 and p65 protein, as well as a lower NF-ĸB p50/p65 activity was noted in the RAW 264.7 cells which suggested PPARs and AhR transrepression mechanism of NF-ĸB signalling. The obtained results indicate Allium sativum sprouts are a rich source of n-3 fatty acids, indolic and phenolic compounds characterized by anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activity, which may support their high therapeutic and dietary potential

Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the polysaccharide fractions in Sarcodon imbricatus (Basidiomycota)

The aim of the study was chemical analysis of polysaccharide fractions from sporocarps of Sarcodon imbricatus collected in natural sites and from the mycelium of in vitro cultures. Three polysaccharide fractions (FOI, FOII, FOIII) were isolated from sporocarps and two (FKI, FKII) from in vitro cultures. Qualitative analysis by HPLC method showed that they are composed of galactose and fucose (FOI, FKI) or glucose and fucose (FOII, FKII). FOIII fraction of the sporocarps consisted of glucose only. Molecular weights of isolated fractions ranged from 3.8 to 16.3 kDa for fractions from the sporocarps and from 5.8 to 14.7 kDa for that ones isolated from in vitro culture. The total percentage of sugar content for all fractions ranged from 97.8% to 99.1%. The percentage of uronic acids contents in acidic fractions was 2.6% and 2.7% for the FOI and FKI respectively. The work included also an assessment of cytotoxic activity of polysaccharide fractions in relation to tumor cell lines of human breast cancer MCV-7. FOI polysaccharide fraction of the sporocarps inhibited the growth of cancer cells in 50% compared to the control at a concentration of 0.0125%, while the polysaccharide fraction FKI from in vitro cultures inhibited cell growth in a concentration of 0.016%