A review of microstrip antenna designs for TV white space applications

A review on prominent microstrip antennas fabricated for TV White Space applications is presented. This paper will delve into some of the most notable microstrip antenna designs in this frequency band that have come up in recent years. They will be analyzed to identify their strengths and weaknesses, and feedback is provided on their perceived usefulness. These antennas are designed with specific intentions, such as being placed in areas prone to harsh weather, or for long distance communications. One of the most recent antenna types to enter mainstream discussion is the microstrip patch antenna, which can easily be altered to fit various applications. Methods of connectivity such as TV White Space are enthusiastically used in various applications pertaining to connectivity and various microstrip antennas have been designed for this purpose. A conclusion was reached on the compact shorted printed monopole antenna being the most plausible choice from the antennas that have been considered and discussed

Design and Analysis of a Practical RMS Power Detector Using Power MOSFET

Power detector chip design and fabrication have experienced significant advancement with the emergence of various technological processes such as BiCMOS and CMOS. With the continuous downscaling of semiconductor devices, chip fabrication has become more complex and less accessible. This paper investigates the design and analysis of RMS power detectors using power MOSFET. A BSIM3 model developed from extracted parameters of the power MOSFET datasheet was employed to design and simulate the RMS power detector. A cascode structure with a current-source load was used to realize high conversion gain and sensitivity. RMS detection is realized by exploiting the square-law principles of MOS transistors in the strong inversion region. The proposed RMS detector targets practical applications in the agricultural sector and educational institutions. The RMS power detector was fabricated using FR4 PCB substrate. The measurement results at 2 GHz suggest that the RMS power detector employed using power MOSFET on FR4 PCB substrate can detect RF power

Cost estimation methods for internet infrastructure deployment in Rural Sarawak: a review

In rural Sarawak, the internet accessibility is low due to unreliable power grids to support telecommunication network and large geographical area. The risk for network infrastructure implementation is high for internet service provider (ISP), thus more practical and accurate cost estimation methods should be used. This paper reviews different types of cost estimation methods and the accuracy and feasibility of each methods are discussed and compared for network infrastructure implementation in rural Sarawak. The unique characteristics of rural Sarawak are considered in this work, including the topography, development of rural areas and acceptance of new technologies. Different cost estimation methods are identified for different senarios and availability of data

Model Study for Outdoor Data Transmission Performance

Network performance for outdoor transmissions are varies according to different environment especially when there was obstacle along the transmission path and therefore the expected performance for outdoor transmissions is unpredictable. These unpredictable performances of outdoor data transmission forced Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to use stronger or better routers to establish the data transmission link. So, the initial investment for the project in a rural area will be higher than urban area due to long-range outdoor transmissions. Normally, this cost will be absorbed by the customers, who will be paying higher subscription fees. But, the income of residents in rural areas is lower than urban areas and the ISP is forced to absorb the extra initial investment by prolonging the projects’ breakeven point. Therefore, this study aimed to a model for estimating average data speed for outdoor Wi-Fi data transmission. The average data speed of outdoor Wi-Fi data transmission was modelled by conducting experiments that simulate real-world wireless transmission. The experiments were conducted by selecting suitable transmitter and receivers. The obstacle used in the experiment was made from aluminum plate which has high attenuation for wireless signals. The experimental data were further validated with actual testing with real-world obstacles. The average percentage error for the outdoor Wi-Fi average data speed model was 24.97%

Development and Application of Outdoor Router Cost Estimation with Parametric Modelling Technique

Internet development is a challenging issue among Internet Server Providers (ISPs) and researchers due to high investment cost and unforeseen risk. The internet accessibilities of those rural areas are low and seem disconnected from the society. Rural areas unable to enjoy the benefits from high-speed Internet. Rural internet development is not prioritized because of low population density and return of investment from urban area development is more favorable. Outdoor equipment such as router, antennas and access points are the main components in Internet development. The accuracy of various cost estimation model is depending on the availability of raw data and data analysis techniques. There is no accurate model that allow ISPs to estimate the cost of outdoor routers for Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) transmission. Those estimations can assist ISPs in risk management and reduce the total project cost. Therefore, this paper aimed to produce and demonstrate a suitable outdoor router cost estimation model. Friis transmission equation and link budget equation were used in this model. Suitable key parameters were selected by using P-value regression analysis. Original key parameters and calculated unique key parameters were utilized in this model to provide better performance and realistic estimated cost. This paper also demonstrated the usage of outdoor router cost estimation model under long-range and short-range wireless data transmission

Cost estimation methods for internet infrastructure deployment in Rural Sarawak: a review

In rural Sarawak, the internet accessibility is low due to unreliable power grids to support telecommunication network and large geographical area. The risk for network infrastructure implementation is high for internet service provider (ISP), thus more practical and accurate cost estimation methods should be used. This paper reviews different types of cost estimation methods and the accuracy and feasibility of each methods are discussed and compared for network infrastructure implementation in rural Sarawak. The unique characteristics of rural Sarawak are considered in this work, including the topography, development of rural areas and acceptance of new technologies. Different cost estimation methods are identified for different senarios and availability of data

Computer-aided design of a compact dual-band bandpass filter

A compact dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) is designed using stub loaded resonator. The resonator has a circular via at the mid-point of the resonator, which not only allows dual-mode implementation but also shift the harmonics so that the first spurious response occurs at frequency higher than the second passband. The structure is then improved for three modes in the second passband, a better selectivity and smaller overall circuit size. The filter is designed to have center frequencies at 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz. The measured 3dB bandwidths for the first and second passbands are 9.9% and 12.1%, respectively. The measured insertion losses for the two passband frequencies are 0.9 dB and 1.5 dB

Compact dualband bandpass filter using triple-mode stub loaded resonator

A compact dual-band bandpass filter (BPF) with controllable bandwidths is designed using two stubs loaded on a half-wavelength resonator. The dual-band performance is realized using two similar resonator structures. The two resonators share a common circular via located at the midpoint of the resonators for smaller circuit size. The nearest unwanted spurious occurs outside the second passband. The filter is designed to have center frequencies at 2.4 GHz and 5.2 GHz. The measurement result shows that both passbands have 3dB bandwidths of 10.9% and 9.1% and insertion losses of 1.2dB and 1.6dB, respectively

A new equivalent circuit for admittance inverters and its application for deriving the network equations of ladder and non-ladder narrow band pass RF filters

Design of microwave band pass filters is traditionally based on LC ladder networks. Using the continued fraction expansion for ladder networks, we first explain how the circuit element called inverter arises. We then use a new circuit representation for admittance inverter to obtain the nodal equations for a low pass prototype ladder network. The coupling matrix for non-ladder networks can be easily obtained using the new circuit representation. Finally we point out that the equivalent circuit is useful for determination of coupling matrix elements