Kontaminacija borove i brezine piljevine mikroskopskim gljivicama i određivanje njezina sadržaja sterola

Wood compounds, especially sterols, are connected with the level of contamination with microscopic fungi. Within this study, tests were conducted on wood dust samples collected at various work stations in a pine and birch timber conversion plant. Their contamination with mycobiota was measured as the concentration of ergosterol (ERG) by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Another aim of this study was to assess the effect of contamination with microscopic fungi on the sterol contents in wood dusts. Analyses were conducted on five sterols: desmosterol, cholesterol, lanosterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol using UPLC and their presence was confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results of chemical analyses showed the greatest contamination with mycobiota in birch wood dust. We also observed varied contents of individual sterols depending on the wood dust type. Their highest concentration was detected in birch dust. The discriminant analysis covering all tested compounds as predictors showed complete separation of all tested wood dust types. The greatest discriminatory power was found for stigmasterol, desmosterol, and ergosterol.Piljevina je nedvojbeno najveća opasnost za zdravlje radnika u drvnoj industriji, a njezin je sastav povezan s vrstom drva, ali i s uvjetima radnoga mjesta. U ovom su radu ispitivani uzorci piljevine uzeti na raznim lokacijama unutar pogona za preradu borove i brezove drvne građe te je tekućinskom kromatografijom ultravisoke djelotvornosti (UPLC) mjeren stupanj kontaminacije gljivicama određivanjem koncentracije ergosterola (ERG). Drugi cilj ispitivanja bio je procijeniti utjecaj kontaminacije mikroskopskim gljivicama na sadržaj sterola u piljevini. UPLC metodom analizirano je pet sterola: dezmosterol, kolesterol, lanosterol, stigmasterola i β-sitosterol, a njihova prisutnost potvrđena je metodom plinske kromatografije uz detekciju spektrometrom masa (GC/MS). Rezultati kemijskih analiza pokazali su najvišu razinu gljivične kontaminacije u piljevini nastaloj obradom brezovine. Također smo uočili različite sadržaje pojedinačnih sterola, ovisno o vrsti piljevine. Njihova najviša koncentracija utvrđena je u brezovoj piljevini. Diskriminantna analiza, koja je obuhvatila sve ispitivane spojeve kao prediktore, pokazala je potpunu separaciju svih ispitanih tipova drvne piljevine. Najveća diskriminativna moć utvrđena je za stigmasterol, dezmosterol i ergosterol

Odabrana kemijska i fizička svojstva drvne sječke od borovine inokulirane plijesnima Aspergillus i Penicillium

Mold fungi representing genera of Penicillium and Aspergillus commonly develop on the surface of freshly harvested wood chips during storage. As a result, they are often considered as low-quality material and intended for incineration. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of wood chips infestation with mold fungi representing genera of Aspergillus and Penicillium on their basic chemical and physical properties, such as: chemical structure (evaluated with FTIR spectroscopy), mass loss and hygroscopicity, after an incubation of 3, 6 and 9 weeks. Based on the visual assessment and ergosterol content analysis, it was found that inoculation of wood chips with molds led to the intense fungal development on their surface. However, as observed in FTIR spectra, the presence of molds caused no changes in wood chemical structure. Furthermore, no mass loss and no significant increase in the hygroscopicity of wood were observed. Therefore, pine wood chips overgrown by studied genera of fungi seem to be a valuable material for various applications.Plijesni rodova Aspergillus i Penicillium najčešće se razvijaju na površini svježe pripremljene drvne sječke tijekom skladištenja, zbog čega se takva sječka često smatra nekvalitetnim materijalom i spaljuje se. Stoga je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio istražiti utjecaj zaraženosti drvne sječke plijesnima rodova Aspergillus i Penicillium na njezina osnovna kemijska i fizička svojstva kao što su kemijska struktura (ispitano FTIR spektroskopijom), gubitak mase i higroskopnost nakon ikubacije od tri, šest i devet tjedana. Na temelju vizualne procjene i analize sadržaja ergosterola, utvrđeno je ddrvne sječke. Međutim, na FTIR spektrima je uočeno da plijesni nisu uzrokovale promjene u kemijskoj strukturi drva. Nadalje, nije uočen gubitak mase niti znatno povećanje higroskopnosti drva. Stoga se može zaključiti da je drvna sječka od borovine zaražena promatranim rodovima plijesni upotrebljiv materijal za različite primjenea je inokulacija drvne sječke plijesnima prouzročila intenzivan razvoj plijesni na površin

Contenido de ácido fenólico (Triticum spp) de diferentes granos de trigo

One of the most significant factors affecting resistance to fungal diseases in winter wheat genotypes is the content of phenolic compounds. A total of 100 winter wheat cultivars were investigated. The contents of five phenolic acids: ferulic, vanillic, syringic, vanillin, p-coumaricand free phenolic acids (FPA) were determined. Considerable variation was found both within tested cultivars. Among the investigated acids the greatest amounts were recorded for ferulic acid and its mean concentration was 975 μg g-1, p-coumaric acid was characterised by a lower mean concentration (52 μg g-1), while the lowest concentration was recorded for vanillin, amounting to 5 μg g-1. Ferulic acid state 92.4% of total phenolic acids. Significant differences in content of ferulic acids between genotypes were observed. The group of winter wheats coming from different European countries was characterized by high variation in the contents of ferulic acid, ranging from 320 to 3103 μg g-1. No significant correlations were observed between ferulic acid and other phenolic acids. Results provide the basis for further studies in this field.Uno de los factores más importantes en la resistencia a las enfermedades fúngicas en genotipos de trigo de invierno es el contenido de compuestos fenólicos. Se investigó un total de 100 cultivos de trigo de invierno, se determinó sus contenidos de los cinco ácidos fenólicos: ferúlico, vanílico, siríngico, vainillina, p-cumárico y ácidos fenólicos libres (AFL) y se encontró una variación entre ambos cultivos probados. Entre los ácidos investigados, se detectó mayores cantidades de ácido ferúlico (concentración media de 975 μg g-1), ácido p-cumárico (caracterizado por una baja concentración media (52 μg g-1), mientras que la concentración más baja que se detectó fue de vainillina (a razón de 5 μg g-1). El ácido ferúlico conforma el 92,4% de los ácidos fenólicos totales. Por otro lado, se observó diferencias significativas en el contenido de ácidos ferúlicos entre genotipos: el grupo de trigos de invierno procedente de varios países europeos tenía como característica una alta variación de contenidos de ácido ferúlico, del orden de 320 hasta 3103 μg g-1. No se detectó correlaciones significativas entre el ácido ferúlico y otros ácidos fenólicos. En conclusión, los resultados de este estudio ofrecen la base para otras investigaciones con más profundidad en este ámbito.Fil: Popowska, Danuta Kurasiak.Fil: Szablewska, Kinga Stuper.Fil: Nawracała, Jerzy .Fil: Tomkowiak, Agnieszka.Fil: Perkowski, Juliusz

Contenido de ácido fenólico (Triticum spp) de diferentes granos de trigo

One of the most significant factors affecting resistance to fungal diseases in winter wheat genotypes is the content of phenolic compounds. A total of 100 winter wheat cultivars were investigated. The contents of five phenolic acids: ferulic, vanillic, syringic, vanillin, p-coumaricand free phenolic acids (FPA) were determined. Considerable variation was found both within tested cultivars. Among the investigated acids the greatest amounts were recorded for ferulic acid and its mean concentration was 975 µg g-1, p-coumaric acid was characterised by a lower mean concentration (52 µg g-1), while the lowest concentration was recorded for vanillin, amounting to 5 µg g-1. Ferulic acid state 92.4% of total phenolic acids. Significant differences in content of ferulic acids between genotypes were observed. The group of winter wheats coming from different European countries was characterized by high variation in the contents of ferulic acid, ranging from 320 to 3103 µg g-1. No significant correlations were observed between ferulic acid and other phenolic acids. Results provide the basis for further studies in this field.Uno de los factores más importantes en la resistencia a las enfermedades fúngicas en genotipos de trigo de invierno es el contenido de compuestos fenólicos. Se investigó un total de 100 cultivos de trigo de invierno, se determinó sus contenidos de los cinco ácidos fenólicos: ferúlico, vanílico, siríngico, vainillina, p-cumárico y ácidos fenólicos libres (AFL) y se encontró una variación entre ambos cultivos probados. Entre los ácidos investigados, se detectó mayores cantidades de ácido ferúlico (concentración media de 975 µg g-1), ácido p-cumárico (caracterizado por una baja concentración media (52 µg g-1), mientras que la concentración más baja que se detectó fue de vainillina (a razón de 5 µg g-1). El ácido ferúlico conforma el 92,4% de los ácidos fenólicos totales. Por otro lado, se observó diferencias significativas en el contenido de ácidos ferúlicos entre genotipos: el grupo de trigos de invierno procedente de varios países europeos tenía como característica una alta variación de contenidos de ácido ferúlico, del orden de 320 hasta 3103 µg g-1. No se detectó correlaciones significativas entre el ácido ferúlico y otros ácidos fenólicos. En conclusión, los resultados de este estudio ofrecen la base para otras investigaciones con más profundidad en este ámbito

Level of contamination with mycobiota and contents of mycotoxins from the group of trichothecenes in grain of wheat , oats, barley, rye and triticale harvested in Poland in 2006–2008

Introduction and Objective The risk of cereal exposure to microbial contamination is high and possible at any time, starting from the period of plant vegetation, through harvest, up to the processing, storage and transport of the final product. Contents of mycotoxins in grain are inseparably connected with the presence of fungal biomass, the presence of which may indicate the occurrence of a fungus, and indirectly also products of its metabolism. Material and Methods Analyses were conducted on 378 grain samples of wheat, triticale, barley, rye and oats collected from grain silos located at grain purchase stations and at mills in Poland in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The concentrations of ERG and mycotoxins from the group of trichothecenes, as well as CFU numbers were analysed. Results The tested cereals were characterised by similarly low concentrations of both the investigated fungal metabolites and the level of microscopic fungi. However, conducted statistical analyses showed significant variation between tested treatments. Oat and rye grain contained the highest amounts of ERG, total toxins and CFU. In turn, the lowest values of investigated parameters were found in grain of wheat and triticale. Conclusions Chemometric analyses, based on the results of chemical and microbiological tests, showed slight differences between contents of analysed metabolites between the years of the study, and do not confirm the observations on the significance of the effect of weather conditions on the development of mycobiota and production of mycotoxins; however, it does pertain to treatments showing no significant infestation. Highly significant correlations between contents of trichothecenes and ERG concentration (higher than in the case of the correlation of the total toxin concentrations/log cfu/g), indicate that the level of this metabolite is inseparably connected with mycotoxin contents in grain

The phytochemical quality of Camelina sativa seed and oil

A field experiment with 66 spring biotypes and 9 winter biotypes of Camelina sativa was conducted in Poland in a two-year cycle (2016–2017). The quantitative profile of 8 flavonoid aglycones, 12 phenolic acids and the fatty acid profile were analysed. There were no significant differences in the concentration of total flavonoids, phenolic acids and fatty acids in the camelina seeds during the research years, but there were differences between the spring and winter cultivars. The total concentration of flavonoids in the spring forms amounted from 404 ± 38.5 to 429.9 ± 13.8 mg/kg; in the winter ones from 507.3 ± 51.4 to 526.4 ± 10.4 mg/kg. Similarly with phenolic acids, the concentration ranged from 2043.6 ± 62.5 to 2174.0 ± 145.2 mg/kg in the spring forms and from 3936.0 ± 210.8 to 3704.7 ± 195.4 mg/kg in the winter forms. The linoleic acid comprised 14% of total fatty acid content in spring biotypes and 16% in winter ones, while α-linolenic acid had similar content (37–38%). Camelina's adaptation to vast areas of the world, high oil concentration and its composition and properties makes it a suitable oil source for the production of biofuels, jet fuel, biobased-products, feed and food

Concentration of Pro-Health Compound of Sorghum Grain-Based Foods

More than 35% of the world sorghum seed production is a human food source. The main ingredient of fully ripe sorghum grains is starch. Sorghum does not contain gluten, and it is also a rich source of antioxidant compounds other than vitamins or macro- and microelements, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and sterols. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity and the content of selected bioactive compounds, i.e., total phenolic acids, total flavonoids, and total phytosterols, as well as determination of the qualitative and quantitative profile of phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phytosterols in various food products, the basic ingredient of which was sorghum grain. It was found that antioxidant activity is related to the total phenolic compounds content. The ABTS•+ ranged from 319 to 885 µmol TROLOX/kg. However, white sorghum grain flour contained almost two times more polyphenols than red sorghum grain flour. The FPA ranged from 224 in raw pasta to 689 mgGAE/100 g in white sorghum grain. During this study, the quantitative profile of selected polyphenols in grain flour, wafers, pasta, and cookies containing sorghum grain was also investigated, as well as the content of 11 selected phenolic acids. Total content of the latter ranged from 445 to 2850 mg/kg. Phytosterols such as beta-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol were found in all the analyzed products. Based on this research, it was investigated that the products containing sorghum grains can be classified as functional food

Analysis of Distribution of Selected Bioactive Compounds in <i>Camelina sativa</i> from Seeds to Pomace and Oil

Camelina sativa is an oilseed plant that produces seed oil rich in vitamins, UFA (unsaturated fatty acids), phytosterols, and polyphenols. Most, but not all, bioactive compounds are soluble in oil. So far, studies have been based analyzing the profile of bioactive compounds only in oil. As part of this work, it was decided to examine the seeds, oil, and pomace of four genotypes of Camelina sativa (three spring genotypes and one winter cultivar). The transmission of bioactive compounds to oil and pomace was compared to their content in seeds. The quantitative profile of selected bioactive compounds was analyzed: eight flavonoid aglycons, 11 phenolic acids, three carotenoids, and 19 fatty acids. As a result of pressing more than 80% of flavonoids entered oil, whereas 20% remained in the pomace. When the content of phenolic acids in seeds and in oil was compared, it turned out that on average 50% of these compounds entered oil. Among all the phenolic acids under analysis the highest contents of chlorogenic, caffeic, and sinapic acids were found both in camelina seeds and oil. Similarly to the other bioactive compounds, more than 70% of fat-soluble carotenoids were extracted from camelina seeds with oil. Most of the genotypes had the fatty acid composition and the &#969;-6/&#969;-3 ratio characteristic of camelina oil. Camelina oil is characterized by properties that enable its extensive use in the food industry

Concentrations of Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids and Carotenoids and the Antioxidant Activity of the Grain, Flour and Bran of Triticum polonicum as Compared with Three Cultivated Wheat Species

The experiment was performed on 66 breeding lines of Triticum polonicum, four T. durum cultivars, four T. aestivum cultivars, and one T. turanicum cultivar (Kamut® wheat). Wheat grain, bran, and flour were analyzed to determine the concentrations of carotenoids, free and bound phenolic acids, and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant activity in the ABTS+ assay. The total concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene in grain and milling fractions were determined at 3.17, 2.49, and 3.16 mg kg−1 in T. polonicum (in grain, flour, and bran, respectively), and at 4.84, 3.56, and 4.30 mg kg−1 in T. durum, respectively. Polish wheat grain was characterized by high concentrations of p-coumaric acid and syringic acid (9.4 and 41.0 mg kg−1, respectively) and a low content of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (65.2 mg kg−1). Kamut® wheat (T. turanicum) which is closely related to T. polonicum was particularly abundant in 4-hydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, ferulic, gallic, and t-cinnamic acids. The studied Triticum species did not differ considerably in the concentrations of the eight analyzed flavonoids, and significant differences were noted only in rutin levels. The grain and milling fractions of Kamut® wheat were characterized by very high concentrations of quercetin, naringenin, and vitexin, but significant differences were observed only in vitexin content. Quercetin concentration in Kamut® wheat grain (104.8 mg kg−1) was more than five times higher than in bread wheat (19.6 mg kg−1) and more than twice higher than in Polish wheat (44.1 mg kg−1). Antioxidant activity was highest in bran, followed by grain and flour (4684, 1591, and 813 μM TE g−1, respectively). The grain and flour of the analyzed Triticum species did not differ significantly in terms of antioxidant activity

Management of post-production wood waste in the aspect of circular economy

Management of post-production wood waste in the aspect of circular economy. Sustainable resource management involves turning waste into resources. The estimation of various waste streams and their potential use as secondary raw materials underlies the circular economy. The management of wood waste in terms of the Circular Economy should assume material use of this waste before energy use. One of the possibilities of material management of this waste is the use of biological treatment through composting. Input materials for the composting process should have technological and physical-chemical characteristics, respectively. The aim of this study was to characterize the wood raw material (wood waste as a by-product) and qualify it for the composting process on the basis of its composition. Based on the literature research, it was found that there is possibility of using these wastes for management through biological disposal. The obtained composts from wood waste can be used as a raw material to supply the soil with humic substances and mineral compounds.Potrzeba zagospodarowania poprodukcyjnych odpadów drzewnych w świetle założeń gospodarki cyrkularnej. Zrównoważony sposób gospodarowania zasobami zakłada przekształcanie odpadów w zasoby. Oszacowanie strumieni różnorodnych odpadów i potencjalnych możliwości ich zastosowania jako surowców wtórnych leży u podstaw gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym (GOZ). Zagospodarowanie odpadów drzewnych w ujęciu Gospodarki Cyrkularnej powinno zakładać wykorzystanie materiałowe tych odpadów przed wykorzystaniem energetycznym. Jedną z możliwości zagospodarowania materiałowego tych odpadów jest zastosowanie biologicznej utylizacji poprzez kompostowanie. Zastosowanie odpadów drzewnych jako materiałów wejściowych do procesu kompostowania powinna poprzedzić odpowiednia charakterystyka technologiczna i fizyko-chemiczna. Dojrzałe komposty z odpadów drzewnych powinny znaleźć przyrodnicze zastosowanie do zasilania gleby w substancje humusowe i związki mineralne