Die Rolle des Wachstumsfaktors Progranulin in der Progression der Atherosklerose

Die exakten molekularen und zellulären Mechanismen, welche zu Initiation und Progression der Atherosklerose und letztlich zu den gefürchteten atherosklerotischen Folgeerkrankungen, hierunter Myokardinfarkt und Apoplex, führen, sind bis heute Gegenstand vielfältiger medizinischer und biochemischer Forschungsbemühungen und noch nicht vollständig geklärt. In der vorliegenden Promotionsarbeit wurde die funktionelle Rolle des Wachstumsfaktors Progranulin in der Progression der Atherosklerose in vivo in zwei Mausmodellen näher untersucht. Im Detail wurde analysiert, inwiefern Progranulin die Adhäsion und Einwanderung von Leukozyten steuert und die Ausbildung atherosklerotischer Gefäßwandveränderungen beeinflusst. Auf dem Boden eines bereits etablierten und häufig angewandten Mausmodells der frühen Atherosklerose, nämlich der ApoE-defizienten Maus, wurde ein Doppel-Knockout-Mausmodell generiert, welches überdies auch eine Defizienz des Progranulin-Gens aufweist. Auf diese Weise konnte der Einfluss von Progranulin (PGRN) auf die Atherogenese herausgearbeitet werden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Defizienz von Progranulin einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Atheroprogression nimmt. Im Doppel-Knockout-Stamm PGRN-/-ApoE-/- war, im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe PGRN+/+ApoE-/-, eine erhebliche Akzeleration und Aggravation der Atherogenese zu objektivieren gewesen. Die PGRN-/-ApoE-/- - Mäuse zeichneten sich durch eine signifikant gesteigerte feste Adhäsion von Leukozyten am Gefäßendothel atherosklerotischer Prädilektionsstellen in der Makrozirkulation der Arteria carotis aus. Darüber hinaus führte die Depletion von Progranulin zu einer übersteigerten Ausbildung atherosklerotischer Gefäßwandveränderungen. Anhand eines weiteren Mausmodells, dem Cremaster-Modell, konnte der Einfluss von Progranulin auf die dynamische Leukozyten-Endothel-Interaktion in Mikrogefäßen des Musculus cremaster im Rahmen einer sterilen Inflammation untersucht werden. Hier führte die Defizienz von Progranulin zu einer ebenfalls signifikant gesteigerten festen Adhäsion von Leukozyten an das Gefäßendothel als Reaktion auf den inflammatorischen Stimulus. Ebenso konnte eine steigende Tendenz zum Rolling und zur Transmigration in das umgebende Interstitium im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe PGRN+/+ aufgezeigt werden. Für Progranulin konnte somit eine zentrale Bedeutung für die Initiation und Progression der Atherosklerose belegt werden: es wirkt nicht nur regulierend auf Rekrutierung und Adhäsion von Immunzellen ein, sondern entfaltet auch, nicht zuletzt durch seinen natürlichen kompetitiven Antagonismus am TNF-Rezeptor, antiinflammatorische und atheroprotektive Wirkungen. Aus der Erkenntnis der pathophysiologischen Bedeutung von Progranulin in der Atheroprogression könnte sich eine zukunftsträchtige und vielversprechende Grundlage für die Entwicklung neuer pharmakologischer Therapieoptionen zur Prävention und Behandlung kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen ergeben.The exact molecular and cellular mechanisms which build up to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and ultimately to dangerous disease-associated events, including myocardial infarction and stroke, remain elusive and are, to date, subject to various medical and biochemical research. This thesis will elaborate on the functional role of the growth factor Progranulin and its role in the progression of atherosclerosis. This was investigated in vivo by means of two different mouse models. Crossbreeding ApoE-deficient mice, used frequently as mouse model of early-stage atherosclerosis, with mice lacking PGRN, we generated mice double deficient of the ApoE - and PGRN - gene. Building on this model, we were able to elucidate the influence of Progranulin on atherogenesis. We were able to show, that deficiency of Progranulin exhibits a strong influence on atheroprogression. PGRN-/-ApoE-/- - mice, in contrast to PGRN+/+ApoE-/- - mice, showed a severely accelerated and aggravated version of atherosclerosis. PGRN-/-ApoE-/- - mice presented with significantly higher tight leukocyte adhesion at the atherosclerotic predilection sites of the carotid artery vessel endothelium as well as greater predisposition to diffuse and extended atherosclerotic vascular alterations. In mice lacking PGRN, an analysis of dynamic leukocyte-endothelium interactions in microvasculature was conducted. To do so, sterile inflammation was induced by treating the vasculature of the exposed cremaster muscle of PGRN-/- - mice and wildtype controls using TNF-alpha injection and leukocyte adhesion was recorded. Likewise, PGRN-/- - mice presented with significantly higher tight leukocyte adhesion in response to the TNF-α-induced inflammatory stimulus. Moreover, an increased tendency for tethering, rolling and transmigration into the neighboring interstitial tissue compared to the control group PGRN+/+ could be shown. Hence, it could be shown that progranulin plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis: not only has it a regulatory function on recruitment and adhesion of immune cells, but also does it exhibit anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective functions, to some extent due to the fact that Progranulin is a natural competitive antagonist for the TNF-receptor. Based on these insights on the pathophysiological importance of Progranulin in atherogenesis, it appears to be a promising target for the development of future pharmaceutical therapy options for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Comparative study of pressure (ankle-brachial pressure index) and flow (strain gauge plethysmography and reactive hyperaemia) measurements in diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease in patients with severe aortic stenosis.

BackgroundThe measurement of the ankle-brachial pressure index is a straightforward method for the detection of peripheral disease in the lower limbs. Only a few old studies with small numbers of patients have been conducted comparing the gold standard, ankle-brachial pressure index measurement, with strain gauge plethysmography and reactive hyperaemia for detecting peripheral arterial disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of strain gauge plethysmography values compared with the Doppler ultrasound method, ankle-brachial pressure index, in the assessment of peripheral arterial disease, especially in patients with severe aortic stenosis.Methods221 ankle-brachial pressure index measurements and strain gauge plethysmography measurements of patients with suspected peripheral arterial disease, diagnosed peripheral arterial disease with or without aortic stenosis were compared.ResultsIrrespective of aortic stenosis in patients with and without peripheral arterial disease, the resting arterial blood flow was within the normal range. In patients with aortic stenosis, the time-to-peak flow couldn't detect peripheral arterial disease and was found to be a false negative. In patients without aortic stenosis, time-to-peak flow correlated well with the ankle-brachial pressure index for detecting peripheral arterial disease. Peak flow at 5 seconds was the one of the flow values that correlated with ankle-brachial pressure index and detected peripheral arterial disease in patients with and without aortic stenosis.ConclusionPeak flow at 5 seconds is one of flow value that correlated well with ankle-brachial pressure index in detecting peripheral arterial disease in patients with and without aortic stenosis. Detection of peripheral arterial disease in patients with severe aortic stenosis seems to be less sensitive with flow measurements than with ankle-brachial pressure index

Brief report - Telomere length is a poor biomarker to predict 1-year mortality or cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

BackgroundTranscatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a therapeutic option for patients with aortic valve stenosis at increased surgical risk. Telomeres are an established marker for cellular senescence and have served to evaluate cardiovascular diseases including severe aortic valve stenosis. In our study, we hypothesized that telomere length may be a predictor for outcome and associated with comorbidities in patients with TAVR.Methods and resultsWe analyzed leucocyte telomere length from 155 patients who underwent TAVR and correlated the results with 1-year mortality and severe comorbidities. The cohort was subdivided into 3 groups according to telomere length. Although a trend for a positive correlation of telomere length with a lower EuroSCORE could be found, telomere length was not associated with survival, aortic valve opening area or cardiovascular comorbidities (peripheral, coronary or cerebrovascular disease). Interestingly, long telomeres were significantly correlated to a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).ConclusionIn elderly patients with severe aortic valve stenosis, leucocyte telomere length did not predict post-procedural survival. The correlation between long telomere length and reduced LVEF in these patients deserves further attention

Brief report – Telomere length is a poor biomarker to predict 1-year mortality or cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Background: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a therapeutic option for patients with aortic valve stenosis at increased surgical risk. Telomeres are an established marker for cellular senescence and have served to evaluate cardiovascular diseases including severe aortic valve stenosis. In our study, we hypothesized that telomere length may be a predictor for outcome and associated with comorbidities in patients with TAVR. Methods and results: We analyzed leucocyte telomere length from 155 patients who underwent TAVR and correlated the results with 1-year mortality and severe comorbidities. The cohort was subdivided into 3 groups according to telomere length. Although a trend for a positive correlation of telomere length with a lower EuroSCORE could be found, telomere length was not associated with survival, aortic valve opening area or cardiovascular comorbidities (peripheral, coronary or cerebrovascular disease). Interestingly, long telomeres were significantly correlated to a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Conclusion: In elderly patients with severe aortic valve stenosis, leucocyte telomere length did not predict post-procedural survival. The correlation between long telomere length and reduced LVEF in these patients deserves further attention

Early versus newer generation transcatheter heart valves for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Echocardiographic and hemodynamic evaluation of an all-comers study cohort using the dimensionless aortic regurgitation index (AR-index).

AimsMore than mild paravalvular aortic regurgitation (pAR) negatively impacts prognosis after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). "Newer generation" transcatheter heart valves (THVs) including Direct Flow Medical, Medtronic Evolut R, Boston Lotus, and Edwards SAPIEN 3 valve system promise to improve outcome by reducing the rate of TAVI-related issues such as pAR. Aim was to evaluate and compare the hemodynamic performance with AR index of "early" vs. "newer generation" THVs and its impact on outcome.Methods and resultsIn 805 patients undergoing TAVI, the degree of pAR was assessed using imaging modalities (angiography, echocardiography) and hemodynamic measurements (aortic regurgitation index, ARI ratio). Severity of pAR and outcome were assessed according to the VARC-2 criteria. 805 patients underwent TAVI with use of the CoreValve (n = 400), SAPIEN XT (n = 48), Direct Flow Medical (n = 38), Evolut R (n = 114), Lotus (n = 104), or SAPIEN 3 (n = 101) prosthesis. TTE post TAVI revealed that a total of 7.3% of the patients showed moderate/severe pAR. The occurrence of greater than mild pAR occurred less frequently in patients treated with "newer generation" THVs (pConclusionTAVI with use of "newer generation" THVs showed significantly reduced pAR and improved outcomes compared to "early generation" devices that could at least in part be explained by more favorable hemodynamics

Influence of diagnosis of venous thromboembolism on immature platelets, absolute platelet count and platelet aggregation over time

The extent of the involvement of platelets in venous thromboembolisms (VTE) is still not fully understood. Immature platelets are large, RNA-rich, prothrombotic platelets. They are involved in arterial thromboembolisms and are associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Their role in VTE has not been investigated before. The aim of this study was to assess different platelet parameters including immature platelet fraction (IPF), immature platelet count (IPC), absolute platelet count and platelet aggregation (PA) over time in patients with VTE at time of diagnosis, as well as at 3–10 days and at 90–110 days after diagnosis. 50 healthy volunteers similar in age and sex to patients served as controls at diagnosis. IPF was measured by the Sysmex XE-5000 analyzer, PA was assessed using the Multiplate analyzer. Diagnosis of VTE had no relevant effect on IPF and IPC whereas absolute platelet count and PA were significantly decreased compared to controls. In the course of VTE, IPF decreased significantly, whereas IPC, absolute platelet count and PA increased. In conclusion, VTE was associated with relevant changes of the absolute platelet count and PA at diagnosis, as well as changes in IPF and IPC over time reflecting a relevant and measurable platelet consumption in VTEs