The role of empathy in psychoanalytic psychotherapy: A historical exploration

Empathy is one of the most consistent outcome predictors in contemporary psychotherapy research. The function of empathy is particularly important for the development of a positive therapeutic relationship: patients report positive therapeutic experiences when they feel understood, safe, and able to disclose personal information to their therapists. Despite its clear significance in the consulting room and psychotherapy research, there is no single, consensual definition of empathy. This can be accounted by the complex and multi-faceted nature of empathy, as well as the ambiguous and conflicting literature surrounding it. This paper provides a historical exploration of empathy and its impact on the therapeutic relationship across the most influential psychoanalytic psychotherapies: classic psychoanalysis, person-centered therapy and self-psychology. By comparing the three clinical schools of thought, the paper identifies significant differences in the function of transference and therapist’s role. Then, drawing on the different clinical uses of empathy, the paper argues that the earlier uses of empathy (most notably through Jaspers’ and Freud’s writings) are limited to its epistemological (intellectual or cognitive) features, whilst person-centered and self-psychology therapies capitalise on its affective qualities. Finally, the paper provides a rationale for further study of the overarching features of empathy in contemporary psychotherapy research

Transits across a Cyclopentadienyl: Organic and Organometallic Haptotropic Shifts

references cited therein. (13) Electron acceptors which are also conjugated with the alkene r system will polarize the HOMO in the same directions as, but to a smaller extent than, Inductive acceptors.8 (14) There has been a suggestion that Me is an acceptor relative to H when attached to an sp3 carbon [C. A. Grob, Angew. Chem. lnt. Ed. Engl., 15, 569 (1976), and references cited therein]. The product ratio discussed here reflect this, but the IP changes do not. A subtle role of solvent may be involved. (15) J. Bastideand J. P. Maier, Chem. Phys., 12, 144 (1976 Li+, CUR+), the e component of which greatly stabilizes the most symmetrical q5 coordination. The lower the energy of the e acceptor set and the better the overlap with its Cp counterpart, the more are q2 and q5 stabilized relative to 7'. In the case of XH3+ (X = C, Si, Ge, Sn) an e acceptor orbital moves to lower energy as one proceeds down the group, and this is responsible for the decreasing barrier for sigmatropic shifts in CpXH3. The XH2 case, which yields a number of interesting collapse structures, is analyzed in detail for X, a main group center. Contrast the interaction of a cyclopentadienide anion and a proton with the interaction of the same anion and a Mn(CO)3+ fragment. Both result in stable molecules: cyclopentadiene (1) and V~-C~M~( C O )~ (2). But what a difference in the equilibrium geometries of these end products of the interaction! If we focus our attention on the cyclopentadienide site where the interacting partner settles down, then the proton chooses a position near to one carbon of the ring, but the Mn(C0)3+ fragment sits directly over the center of the ring. The ramifications of this differential are the concern of this paper. We will examine the interaction of a cyclopentadienide (CsHs-, Cp) ion with an interacting group X, X = H+, CH3+, SiR3+, Mn(C0)3+, CH22f, CH2. The result will consist of some conclusions concerning the equilibrium geometry of CpX as well as the relative energetics of the various haptotropic reactions of this Consider the passage of the interacting group X across the face of a Cp molecule, moving as indicated in 3 in a plane parallel to the Cp ring. Let the distance d be a separation at which there is sizable interaction between the frontier orbitals of X and the Cp a system. For a surface so constrained the asymmetric unit that need be calculated consists of the shaded area in 4, and two of the three boundaries of that area are contained in a transit along a line shown in projection in 5. Mirror symmetry is maintained at all points. The numbers nq shown along that line are convenient labels invoking a connection to the inorganic 7" notation* for denoting an approximate coordination geometry. In order to avoid confusion with structure numbers and ring carbon numbers, we have labeled the various sites along the transit line as 17, 217, . . . , 57. The site labeled 17, or some geometry near it, corresponds to or simple u interaction, such as we have in the collapse product cyclopentadiene. The 7IS site 57 is where one better come up with maximum stabilization for X = Mn(C0)3+. The site labeled 27 positions X over the center of a bond, and obviously will describe the important transition state region for a sigmatropic shift of a system like cyclopentadiene. 37 and 47 are not so easily defined. Experimentally, slippage of Cp rings from q5 coordination is often observed and q3 or q4 coordination may or may not be invoked. Somewhat arbitrarily we define 317 at the intersection of the transit line with the line joining C-2 and C-5 projected on the transit plane. The tetrahapto coordination site is most ambiguous (it could be near 37 or near 57), and SO we will not label any position as such. The analysis will consist of an inspection of interaction diagrams for the orbitals of Cp and X, as the ligand X and its position along the transit are varied. The qualitative arguments based on symmetry and overlap are supported by extended Huckel calculations whose details are given in the Appendix. The reader should be aware that this is an approximate metho

Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin no. 555, June 1960: Consumer preference studies on cottage cheese

The Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311

Primary Care Medical Training, Chronic Illness, and Psychological Trauma: Education, Assessment, and Intervention

This presentation was given at the Mercer University Health Sciences Research Conference

Managerialism, the therapeutic habitus and the self in contemporary organising.

Over the last two decades, managerialism (Enteman, 1993) has become consolidated on multiple fronts. As a formula of governance, it has elaborated various vocabularies: the `audit society' (Power, 1997, 2007) has become entrenched in all types of organizations; surveillance methods (Lyon, 2001) have become increasingly dispersed and insidious; and — alongside —`new' concepts of subjectivity and the`self' are used to frame more intense regimes of self-discipline or what Tipton (1984) called `self-work'. These moves have been captured by Heelas (2002), Thrift (1997) and others in the term `soft capitalism'. In this article, we reflect upon this phenomenon by analysing some examples: `culture', `performativity', `knowledge' and `wellness'. Although they belong to a group often described as `fads' and `fashions' and dismissed as managerial `mumbo-jumbo', we suggest that their proliferation indicates a more stable cultural tendency of management discourses to capture subjectivity in its general agenda. We attempt to offer an historical-cultural interpretation from which this range of managerial concepts might be viewed. Our argument suggests that they have a certain cultural coherence that can be perhaps better glimpsed within a wider historical context. As a particular way in which managerialism frames its logic, analysing `soft capitalism' historically offers a reasonable basis for understanding the strength of its hard disciplinary edge as a regime of governance