Einfluss von extrinsischen Faktoren auf die Geruchs- und Geschmackswahrnehmung

Unter extrinsischen Faktoren sind Umstände zu verstehen, die nicht mit dem ursprünglichen Lebensmittel selbst zusammenhängen, wie z.B. Produktei-genschaften, sondern die durch situative Bedingungen eine Änderung der Wahrnehmung bewirken können. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt eine Übersicht über extrinsische Faktoren, die die Geschmacks- und Geruchswahrnehmung beeinflussen. Dies sind physiologische Faktoren (z.B. Genetik, Alter, Geschlecht, Gewicht/Körperbau, Diät, Genussmittel, Krankheiten, Ernährung, medizinische Eingriffe, Medikamente), psychologische Faktoren (z.B. Reizempfinden, erworbene Vorlieben bzw. Abneigungen), psychosoziale Faktoren (z.B. Erziehung, Kultur) und Umweltfaktoren (ökologische Faktoren, Umweltgifte)

Der Trend zur Manualisierung in der Psychotherapie

Diese Arbeitet befasst sich mit dem Trend zur Manualisierung in der Psychotherapie. Ein Phänomen, die sich im Laufe der letzten Jahre zu einem für die therapeutische Arbeit zu einem relevanten und viel diskutiertem Thema entwickelt hat. Sie gibt Aufschluss über die wichtigsten Begriffe das Thema betreffend und befasst sich des Weitern mit der Entwicklung des Trends, zeigt die Wurzeln und einzelnen Entwicklungsschritte. Auf den politischen Druck, der auf der Psychotherapie lastet wird ebenso eingegangen, wie auf Entwicklungen im Bereich der Evidenz Basierung. Thematisiert werden auch die Auswirkungen des Trends auf die einzelnen Therapierichtungen und Bereiche der Psychotherapie. Weiters bietet sie einen Überblick über die im Zeitschriftendiskurs geführte Debatte, in dessen Kontext grundlegenden Problemen die sich aus dieser Entwicklung ergeben, umfassend beleuchtet werden

"This green plot shall be our stage" : Shakespeare at Winedale and the pedagogy of play and place

textShakespeare at Winedale is one of the most unique and extensive Shakespeare-through-performance programs in the nation, yet it has not received much critical attention. This report suggests that Shakespeare at Winedale's innovations deserve closer attention, as they can provide insights on what can be possible with a "total immersion" performance approach with Shakespeare. The report examines: 1) the cultural and historical elements that came together to create the program, including the story of how program founder James Ayres first brought students out to Winedale; 2) the unique pedagogical advantages of the Winedale setting and the learning opportunities it invites; 3) an attempt to place Shakespeare at Winedale somewhat in context of both the cultural currents of the time and the growing acceptance in the academy of the performance approach; 4) a description of Winedale's emphasis on play as an approach to the text; 5) Ayres's idea of the "second play" that is possible through the sense of community fostered at Winedale. The report is aimed primarily at teachers interested in new insights into the value of the performance approach, but also at any students and teachers of Shakespeare.Englis

Verhandlungsdemokratische Willensbildung und korporatistische Entscheidungsfindung am Ende? Einschneidende Veränderungen am Beispiel der Gestaltung des österreichischen Arbeitsrechtes

'Als Resultat der Zusammenarbeit, Konzertierung und Akkordierung zwischen den jeweiligen Regierungen und den großen Dachverbänden der ArbeitgeberInnen und ArbeitnehmerInnen in Politikfeldern wie der Sozialpolitik (näherhin dem Arbeitsrecht) weisen die politischen Entscheidungsfindungsprozesse in Österreich über einen langen Zeitraum eine beträchtliche Kontinuität auf. Dies ist einer der Gründe dafür, dass Österreich in der einschlägigen sozialwissenschaftlichen Literatur als Repräsentant (neo)korporatistischer Interessenpolitik und der Verhandlungsdemokratie gilt. Unter Verwendung des von Tálos/Kittel modifizierten Ansatzes des akteurzentrierten Institutionalismus untersucht der vorliegende Beitrag am Themenbereich des Arbeitsrechtes, ob seit dem Antritt der bürgerlich-konservativen Regierungskoalition von ÖVP und FPÖ im Jahr 2000 Veränderungen des traditionellen Musters der politischen Willensbildung und Entscheidungsfindung eingetreten sind. Das Ergebnis der Analyse lautet, dass Österreichs Politik - ungeachtet formal-institutioneller Kontinuitäten - de facto den Wandel von einer korporatistischen Konkordanz- bzw. Verhandlungsdemokratie zu einer Konfliktdemokratie bereits vollzogen hat.' (Autorenreferat)'In Austrian politics for a long period a specific type of cooperation, concertation and arrangement has been characteristic for the relations between government and interest associations of employers and employees in policy areas as e.g. social policy (and particularly in labour law). That's why respective literature has classified Austria as a typical model of neocorporatist interest intermediation or policy concertation. Using the approach of actor-centred institutionalism modified by Tálos/Kittel, the article - analysing the example of labour legislation - aims at examining if there took place a substantial change in procedures of policy making since the conservative coalition between ÖVP and FPÖ has been taking office in spring 2000. The authors conclude that Austria's politics - irrespective of formal institutional continuity - de facto have already changed from a corporatist consensus or bargaining democracy to a democracy dominated by conflict and the principle of majority rule.' (author's abstract

Stabilizing effect of biochar on soil extracellular enzymes after a denaturing stress

Stabilization of extracellular enzymes may maintain enzymatic activity for ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and bioremediation, while protecting enzymes from proteolysis and denaturation. A laboratory incubation study was conducted to determine whether a fast pyrolysis biochar (CQuest) derived from oak and hickory hardwood would stabilize extracellular enzymes in soil and prohibit the loss of potential enzyme activity following a denaturing stress, in this case microwaving. Soil was incubated in the presence of biochar (0, 1, 2, 5, or 10% by weight) for 36 days and subsequently exposed to microwave energies of 0, 400, 800, 1600, or 3200 Joules per gram of soil. Soil enzymes (ß-glucosidase, ß-D-cellobiosidase, N-acetyl-ß-glucosaminidase, phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase, and ß-xylosidase) were analyzed by fluorescence-based assays. Biochar amendment significantly reduced the potential activity of leucine aminopeptidase and ß-xylosidase after the incubation period and prior to stress exposure. Microwaving provided stress through heat and loss of soil water, although at the lowest stress level (400 Joules per gram of soil) soil water loss was significantly reduced in soil amended with 10% biochar. Enzyme stabilization was demonstrated for ß-xylosidase, whereby intermediate biochar application rates (1 and 5 %) prevented a complete loss of this enzyme’s potential activity after soil was exposed to 400 (1% biochar treatment) or 1600 (5% biochar treatment) Joules of microwave energy per gram of soil. Potential activities of ß-glucosidase, ß-D-cellobiosidase, N-acetyl-ß-glucosaminidase, and phosphatase enzymes were not affected by biochar, and activities of these enzymes decreased significantly with increasing levels of microwave energy. We concluded that biochar has the potential to prevent evaporative losses of soil water to some degree and stabilize certain extracellular enzymes such as ß-xylosidase so that activity is maintained after a denaturing stress. This effect was dependent, however on biochar application rate and the enzyme itself. Furthermore, while biochar may reduce the potential activity of certain extracellular enzymes in soil, this phenomenon was not universal as the majority of enzymes assayed in this study were unaffected by exposure to biochar

Influence of implant‐specific radiation doses on peri‐implant hard and soft tissue: An observational pilot study

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of real implant-bed-specific radiation doses on peri-implant tissue health in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients after radiotherapy. Material and methods: Specific radiation doses in the area of 81 implants, in 15 irradiated HNC patients, were analyzed by matching data from the radiotherapy planning system with those of three-dimensional follow-up scans after implantation. Peri-implant bone resorption was measured radiographically after 1 and 3 years, and peri-implant tissue health was evaluated clinically. Individual parameters, such as age, gender, and localization, regarding the implant-specific radiation dose distribution were analyzed statistically. Results: The mean implant-bed-specific radiation dose was high, with 45.95 Gy to the mandible and 29.02 Gy to the maxilla, but significantly lower than the mean total dose to the tumor bed. Peri-implant bone resorption correlated with local inflammation and plaque. After 1 year, women temporarily showed significantly more bone loss than men and implant-specific radiation dose had a significant impact on peri-implant bone loss after 3 years. Conclusions: The presented method is a feasible option to define precise implant-bed-specific radiation doses for research or treatment planning purposes. Implant-based dental restoration after radiotherapy is a relatively safe procedure, but a negative radiation dose-dependent long-term effect on peri-implant bone resorption calls for interdisciplinary cooperation between surgeons and radio-oncologists to define high-risk areas

Induced mutations in ASPARAGINE SYNTHETASE-A2 reduce free asparagine concentration in the wheat grain

Acrylamide is a neurotoxin and probable carcinogen formed as a processing contam-inant during baking and production of different foodstuffs, including bread products.The amino acid asparagine is the limiting substrate in the Maillard reaction thatproduces acrylamide, so developing wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars withlow free asparagine concentrations in the grain is a promising approach to reducedietary acrylamide exposure. A candidate gene approach was used to identify chemi-cally induced genetic variation inASPARAGINE SYNTHETASE 2(ASN2) genes thatexhibit a grain-specific expression profile. In field trials, durum and common wheatlines carryingasn-a2null alleles exhibited reductions in free asparagine concentra-tion in their grains of between 9 and 34% compared with wildtype sister lines. Theseplants showed no significant differences in spikelet number, grain size and weight,germination or baking quality traits. These nontransgenic variants can be deployedwithout regulatory oversight in elite wheat germplasm to reduce acrylamide-formingpotential with no negative effects on quality or agronomic performance

Changes in ecosystem carbon following afforestation of native sand prairie

Includes bibliographical references (pages 1622-1624).Determining the dynamics of carbon (C) as a function of vegetation and residue inputs is important for predicting changes in ecosystem functions and the global C cycle. Litter and soil samples were analyzed from plantations of eastern red cedar (Juniperous virginiana) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and native prairie at the Nebraska National Forest to evaluate the impact of different types of land management on soil C contents and turnover rates. Total soil C to a depth of 1 m was greatest in the cedar stands. Pine ecosystems stored more C in the tree biomass and litter but lost more native prairie C from the soil. The soil 13C content showed 82% of the original, and prairie C remained under cedars compared with ∼45% under pine. Soil cation contents were greatest overall in cedar soils and lowest in pine. The C content in cedar soils was strongly related to Ca content. Differences in microbial community fatty acid profiles were related to vegetation type, and nutrients explained ∼60% of the variation in profiles. Our research indicates that changes in soil C and nutrient content following conversion from prairie to forest are dependent on tree species planted, characteristics of the plant litter, and cation cycling in the plant–soil system

Total body irradiation as part of conditioning regimens in childhood leukemia—long-term outcome, toxicity, and secondary malignancies

Background: Total body irradiation (TBI) is an established part of conditioning regimens prior to stem cell transplantation in childhood leukemia but is associated with long-term toxicity. We retrospectively analyzed survival, long-term toxicity, and secondary malignancies in a pooled cohort of pediatric patients (pts.) treated with the same TBI regimen. Methods: Analyzed were 109 pts. treated between September 1996 and November 2015. Conditioning treatment according to EBMT guidelines and the ALL SCTped 2012 FORUM trial consisted of chemotherapy (CT) and TBI with 2 Gy b.i.d. on 3 consecutive days to a total dose of 12 Gy. Median follow-up was 97.9 months (2-228 months). Results: Overall survival (OS) in our cohort at 2, 5, and 10 years was 86.1, 75.5, and 63.0%, respectively. Median survival was not reached. Long-term toxicity developed in 47 pts. After chronically abnormal liver and kidney parameters in 31 and 7 pts., respectively, growth retardation was the most frequent finding as seen in 13 pts. Secondary malignancies were rare (n = 3). Conclusion: TBI-containing conditioning regimens in pediatric stem cell transplantation (SCT) are highly effective. Efforts to replace TBI- with CT-containing regimens have only been successful in subgroups of pts. Although we could show long-term toxicity in 43% of pts., overall survival was 63% at 10 years. Still, long-term effects such as growth retardation can permanently impact the pts.' quality of life and functioning. Along with new substances, efforts should be undertaken to optimize TBI techniques and accompany the treatment by systematic follow-up programs beyond 5 years to improve detection of rare events