Veränderungen verschiedener Targets im Wnt- und BMP- Signalweg durch Zigarettenrauch während der Differenzierung von SCP-1 zu Osteoblasten

In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte untersucht werden, wie sich aus mesenchymalen Stammzellvorläufern Osteoblasten differenzieren, welche unter dem Einfluss von Zigarettenrauch ernährt wurden. Es wurden hierzu zwei Signalwege untersucht, der BMP- Signalweg und der Wnt- Signalweg, wessen Genexpression mithilfe von PCR´s analysiert wurden

RNA systems biology: uniting functional discoveries and structural tools to understand global roles of RNAs

RNAs assume sophisticated structures that are active in myriad cellular processes. In this review, we highlight newly identified ribozymes, riboswitches, and small RNAs, some of which control the function of cellular metabolic and gene expression networks. We then examine recent developments in genome-wide RNA structure probing technologies that are yielding new insights into the structural landscape of the transcriptome. Finally, we discuss how these RNA ‘structomic’ methods can address emerging questions in RNA systems biology, from the mechanisms behind long non-coding RNAs to new bases for human diseases

Extensive signal integration by the phytohormone protein network

Plant hormones coordinate responses to environmental cues with developmental programs1, and are fundamental for stress resilience and agronomic yield2. The core signalling pathways underlying the effects of phytohormones have been elucidated by genetic screens and hypothesis-driven approaches, and extended by interactome studies of select pathways3. However, fundamental questions remain about how information from different pathways is integrated. Genetically, most phenotypes seem to be regulated by several hormones, but transcriptional profiling suggests that hormones trigger largely exclusive transcriptional programs4. We hypothesized that protein–protein interactions have an important role in phytohormone signal integration. Here, we experimentally generated a systems-level map of the Arabidopsis phytohormone signalling network, consisting of more than 2,000 binary protein–protein interactions. In the highly interconnected network, we identify pathway communities and hundreds of previously unknown pathway contacts that represent potential points of crosstalk. Functional validation of candidates in seven hormone pathways reveals new functions for 74% of tested proteins in 84% of candidate interactions, and indicates that a large majority of signalling proteins function pleiotropically in several pathways. Moreover, we identify several hundred largely small-molecule-dependent interactions of hormone receptors. Comparison with previous reports suggests that noncanonical and nontranscription-mediated receptor signalling is more common than hitherto appreciated

T-t interaction in the generation of helper cells in vitro.

Levy and her colleagues have reported that the antigen performic acid oxidised ferrodoxin (OFd), derived from Clostridium pasteurianum has only 2 major antigenic determinants located in the carboxyl and amino terminal regions of the molecule. They reported that cooperation between cells primed to the determinants situated at the COOH (C hapten) and at the NH2 terminus (N hapten) is necessary for the generation of a proliferative response of guinea pig lymph node cells in vitro to the whole antigen, OFd, but not for the expression of hypersensitivity reactions. Having recently described a system for the development of helper cells in vitro, the authors attempted to determine whether the T helper cell response to OFd required cooperation between two populations of T cells, in analogy with other cooperative proliferative response to OFd