The circulatory impact of dust from dust profile assimilation

We present results from a reanalysis of temperatures, dust columns and dust vertical profiles focussing on the assimilation, distribution and transport of dust in the martian atmosphere. The assimilation of dust vertical information in particular is a valuable technique which has been shown to be of vital importance to a successful assimilation of the martian atmosphere, with the vertical representation of the dust distribution having a critical effect on assimilation results generally. Atmospheric dust is a key driver of the martian circulation. Dust-induced heating and cooling is a potential feedback mechanism for dust lifting, for example, and can modify the circulation to either enhance or suppress dust storm activity. Accurately representing its complex spatial and temporal distribution is therefore crucial for understanding Mars’ atmospheric dynamics and transport

PRICE VERSUS STOCK EFFECT POLICIES FOR REDUCING EXCESS MILK PRODUCTION

This article presents a comparative dynamic analysis of the market impact of alternative U.S. policies designed to reduce excess capacity in milk production. Two policy options are examined based on an econometric model of the dairy industry and a dynamic simulation of the system. The stock effect policy relies on voluntary reductions in cow numbers to reduce milk supplies, while the price effect policy makes use of reductions in the support price levels to achieve the same goal. The simulation results are used to evaluate equilibrium prices and quantities for the farm and retail markets, government costs, and consumer and producer surpluses from 1986 to 1995 for each policy alternative. The analysis shows that farmers are better off under a voluntary supply control program, while consumers are better off under a support price reduction policy.Agricultural and Food Policy, Livestock Production/Industries,

Evaluating Marketing Channel Options for Small-Scale Fruit and Vegetable Producers: Case Study Evidence from Central New York

An investigation of the relative costs and benefits of marketing channels used by typical small-scale diversified vegetable crop producers is conducted. Using case study evidence from four small farms in Central New York, this study compares the performance of wholesale and direct marketing channels, including how the factors of risk, owner and paid labor, price, lifestyle preferences, and sales volume interact to impact optimal market channel selection. Given the highly perishable nature of the crops grown, along with the risks and potential sales volume of particular channels, a combination of different marketing channels is needed to maximize overall firm performance. Accordingly, a ranking system is developed to summarize the major firm-specific factors across channels and to prioritize those channels with the greatest opportunity for success based on individual firm preferences.Marketing channel, small-scale, fruit and vegetable producers, case study, Agribusiness, Crop Production/Industries, Financial Economics,

Evaluating Marketing Channel Options for Small-Scale Fruit and Vegetable Producers

An investigation of the relative costs and benefits of marketing channels used by typical smallscale diversified vegetable crop producers is conducted. Using case study evidence from four small farms in Central New York, this study compares the performance of wholesale and direct marketing channels, including how the factors of risk, owner and paid labor, price, lifestyle preferences, and sales volume interact to impact optimal market channel selection. Given the highly perishable nature of the crops grown, along with the risks and potential sales volume of particular channels, a combination of different marketing channels is needed to maximize overall firm performance. Accordingly, a ranking system is developed to summarize the major firm-specific factors across channels and to prioritize those channels with the greatest opportunity for success based on individual firm preferences.local food, marketing, wholesale, direct, marketing channels, economic evaluation, Agribusiness, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Production Economics,

The Fourth Degree : The Lie Detector

Some police departments substitute for evidence the third degree. It is illegal. Law courts could now supplement oral evidence with a fourth degree --the lie detector. It should be legal, when properly operated, when its results are properly introduced and weighed. Any symposium on evidence ought to include some observations on cross-examination. A \u27consideration of the instruments employable in the art of cross-examination should, of course, include a discussion of the instrument, the accepted use of which, some lawyers, and certainly the average layman, believe would make cross-examination unnecessary as to credibility. The best legally available lie detector presently is a thorough and searching cross-examination by adept counsel. Most experienced trial judges, therefore, do not attempt to curb relevant cross-examination, although some argumentative and emphatic leading questions are accepted tools of the trade

Discovering Valuable Items from Massive Data

Suppose there is a large collection of items, each with an associated cost and an inherent utility that is revealed only once we commit to selecting it. Given a budget on the cumulative cost of the selected items, how can we pick a subset of maximal value? This task generalizes several important problems such as multi-arm bandits, active search and the knapsack problem. We present an algorithm, GP-Select, which utilizes prior knowledge about similarity be- tween items, expressed as a kernel function. GP-Select uses Gaussian process prediction to balance exploration (estimating the unknown value of items) and exploitation (selecting items of high value). We extend GP-Select to be able to discover sets that simultaneously have high utility and are diverse. Our preference for diversity can be specified as an arbitrary monotone submodular function that quantifies the diminishing returns obtained when selecting similar items. Furthermore, we exploit the structure of the model updates to achieve an order of magnitude (up to 40X) speedup in our experiments without resorting to approximations. We provide strong guarantees on the performance of GP-Select and apply it to three real-world case studies of industrial relevance: (1) Refreshing a repository of prices in a Global Distribution System for the travel industry, (2) Identifying diverse, binding-affine peptides in a vaccine de- sign task and (3) Maximizing clicks in a web-scale recommender system by recommending items to users

Useful applications of earth-oriented satellites - Systems for remote-sensing information and distribution, panel 8

Problems and potential use of data gathered by remote sensing from satellites or aircraf