6 research outputs found

    Evaluating cycling programs for 10- to 14-year-old children

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    Children between the age of 10 to 14 increasingl.y use their bik.e as a means of transport. Unfortunately, they still show deficits in competencies needed for safe traffic participation ( e.g. erratic attention or self-awareness ). This is reflected in an increase in the risk of accidents involving bicylces for 10-to 14-year-olds: 56.8% of 10- to 14-year-old children who have bad road traffic accidents in 2020, had bicycle accidents. In Germany, there are various programs to improve bicycle safety for children. In contrast to the ,,FahrradfĂŒhrerschein' (bicycle driving license which usually takes place in fourth grade), programs for 10 to 14 year-olds are less standardized and various offers exist. There has been no evaluation on the quality of these programs yet. Therefore, we developed an evaluation standard for programs that aim to improve cycling safety for 10-to 14- year-olds. To do so, a catalogue of criteria was developed which helps describe and evaluate cycling projects for children in this age group. We then evaluated existing projects and collected them in a web-based database. Our aim is to provide a gu.ideline to evaluating cycling safety programs for 10-to 14-year-olds and to offer an overview about various existing programs

    In-depth analysis of the accident history of elderly drivers

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    Der demografische Wandel wird Deutschland sowie viele EU-LĂ€nder und Industriestaaten in den kommenden Jahren stark prĂ€gen. Neben wirtschaftlichen sowie finanziellen Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels, wird auch verstĂ€rkt die Verkehrssicherheit Ă€lterer Menschen thematisiert. Grund ist die Wechselwirkung zwischen demografischem Wandel und zunehmender MobilitĂ€t Ă€lterer Verkehrsteilnehmer (SCHLAG, 2008). Die TĂ€tigkeit „Autofahren“ erfordert das Zusammenspiel mehrerer TeilfĂ€higkeiten und die Interaktion sensorischer, kognitiver und motorischer Prozesse. Aus der Altersforschung ist bekannt, dass mit zunehmendem Alter verschiedene FĂ€higkeiten, welche auch fĂŒr das FĂŒhren eines Kraftfahrzeuges entscheidend sind, alters- oder krankheitsbedingten VerĂ€nderungen unterliegen. So nehmen mit zunehmendem Alter funktionale, sensorische, kognitive und motorische BeeintrĂ€chtigungen zu, welche das sichere FĂŒhren eines Kraftfahrzeuges beeinflussen können. HĂ€ufig wird aufgrund altersbedingter VerĂ€nderungen ein erhöhtes Unfallrisiko Ă€lterer Autofahrender angenommen. Eine solche defizitorientierte Betrachtung fördert den negativen Stereotyp des Ă€ltere Autofahrenden und vernachlĂ€ssigt den Aspekt der Kompensation. TatsĂ€chlich aber fehlen Daten, die einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen bestehenden Defiziten und dem Unfallgeschehen aufzeigen. Im vorliegenden Bericht wird daher auf Basis einer Literaturrecherche detailliert auf die altersbedingten VerĂ€nderungen im Bereich der Sensorik, Kognition und Motorik und deren Auswirkungen auf die Fahrkompetenz eingegangen als auch der Einfluss von Erkrankungen und Medikation sowie deren Einfluss auf die Fahrkompetenz erörtert, um aktuelle und zukĂŒnftige Problemfelder ableiten zu können. Auch Kompensationsmöglichkeiten werden beleuchtet. Aus den Erkenntnissen einer umfangreichen Literaturrecherche wurden im nĂ€chsten Schritt relevante Hypothesen zu Ursachen und Wirkung im Bereich der Verkehrssicherheit entwickelt. Die PrĂŒfung der Hypothesen erfolgte im Anschluss anhand der Datenanalyse der German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) sowie der speziellen Analysemethodik ACAS - Accident Causation Analysis System der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (OTTE et al., 2009) mit dem Ziel, vertiefende, aktuelle Erkenntnisse zu Unfallursachen sowie zu Unfallspezifika der Verkehrsteilnehmergruppe Ă€lterer Autofahrender zu gewinnen. Hierbei ist anzumerken, dass ausschließlich UnfĂ€lle mit mindestens einer verletzten Person erfasst werden. Es sind also keine Aussagen bzgl. UnfĂ€lle mit „lediglich“ Sachschaden möglich. Insgesamt zeigt sich auf der Grundlage der durchgefĂŒhrten Unfallanalysen, dass Ă€ltere Pkw-Fahrende nicht generell eine Verkehrsteilnehmergruppe darstellen, von der ein Risiko fĂŒr die Verkehrssicherheit sowohl fĂŒr sich selbst und/oder andere ausgeht. Dennoch konnten die Ergebnisse auch einige Erkenntnisse bisheriger Studien zum Unfallgeschehen Ă€lterer Pkw-Fahrender stĂŒtzen. Ein zentraler Befund, welcher den Erwartungen bezĂŒglich altersbedingter VerĂ€nderungen entspricht, ist ein erhöhter Anteil von UnfĂ€llen aufgrund alters- und krankheitsbedingter EinschrĂ€nkungen (z. B. Demenz). So bestĂ€tigte die vertiefende Unfalldatenanalyse u. a., dass Ă€ltere Pkw-Fahrende hĂ€ufiger aufgrund von Blendung durch Sonne bzw. andere Fahrzeuge sowie infolge einer Vielzahl bzw. Überzahl von Informationen (ACAS Code „komplexer Informationen“) verunglĂŒcken. Ältere Pkw-Fahrende scheinen zudem, den Annahmen entsprechend, hĂ€ufiger aufgrund von Krankheit bzw. Medikation zu verunfallen als jĂŒngere Pkw-Fahrende. Zudem werden auch bisherige Befunde, dass Ă€ltere Pkw-Fahrende hĂ€ufiger aufgrund der FehleinschĂ€tzung von Distanz sowie der FehleinschĂ€tzung von Geschwindigkeit anderer Verkehrsteilnehmer verunfallen, bestĂ€tigt. Die Analyse von Unfallkategorien und Unfalltypen sowie von UnfĂ€llen an Kreuzungen und EinmĂŒndungen bestĂ€tigt die Ergebnisse bisheriger Studien (CLARKE et al., 2010; OXLEY et al., 2006; POTTGIEßER, 2012), wonach Ă€ltere Pkw-Fahrende hĂ€ufiger an Knotenpunkten (Kreuzungen und Ein-mĂŒndungen) und hier vor allem beim Linksabbiegen verunglĂŒcken. BestĂ€tigt werden konnte mit Hilfe der zugrundeliegenden Datenbasis der in der Literatur beschriebene „Frailty Bias“ (Verletzlichkeitsverzerrung) (OXLEY et al., 2006) nachdem mit steigendem Alter die Verletzungsschwere zunimmt. HĂ€ufig wird diskutiert, ob Ă€ltere Pkw-Fahrende vermehrt die Unfallverursacher im Straßenverkehr darstellen als Pkw-Fahrende unter 65 Jahren. Im Rahmen der vertiefenden Analysen, wurde auch dieser Frage nachgegangen. Die zusammenfassende Analyse der Hauptschuld (grĂ¶ĂŸter Schuldanteil eines Beteiligten, wenn es mehrere Schuldige gab) sowie der Alleinschuld (nur ein Beteiligter trĂ€gt die Schuld dem Unfall) ergab, dass jĂŒngere Pkw-Fahrende signifikant seltener die Schuld an einem Unfall tragen als Ă€ltere Pkw-Fahrende. Im Abschluss des Berichts (Kapitel 7) erfolgt, basierend auf den Interpretationen der ausgewerteten Befunde, eine eingeschrĂ€nkte maßnahmenbezogene Bewertung und Empfehlung fĂŒr die Bereiche „Mensch“, „Umwelt“ und „Fahrzeugtechnik“. Aus den Erkenntnissen zu mobilitĂ€tsbezogenen und verkehrssicherheitsrelevanten Merkmalen Ă€lterer Pkw-Fahrender werden Modifikationen und Implikationen zu diesen Bereichen abgeleitet und thematisiert. Dabei wird auf UnterstĂŒtzungspotentiale in den Bereichen Infrastruktur, Training und Fahrzeuggestaltung eingegangen, um die Verkehrssicherheit dieser stark anwachsenden Altersgruppe langfristig zu verbessern.Demographic change will have a strong impact on Germany as well as EU countries and industrialised nations in the coming years. In addition to the economic and financial effects of demographic change, the road safety of older people is also more and more being discussed. One of the reasons is the interaction between demographic change and increasing mobility of older road users (SCHLAG, 2008). The activity of "driving" requires the interaction of several abilities and the interaction of sensorial, cognitive and motoric functions. Research on ageing showed that various abilities are subject to age-related limitations with an increasing age, which are also decisive for driving a motor vehicle. Thus, functional, sensorial, cognitive and motoric impairments increase with age, and consequently influence the safe driving of a motor vehicle. Often, an increased accident risk of older drivers is assumed due to these age-related changes. This deficit-oriented view promotes a negative stereotype of the older driver and depreciates the aspect of compensation. However, precise data on such deficits is missing: there is not yet enough information to describe or to link the deficits to accident frequency or compensation strategies. Therefore, this report firstly deals with age-related changes in the area of sensory, cognitive and motoric skills, as well as their effects on health and safe driving through a comprehensive literature review. The influence of diseases and medication and their impact on driving are also being discussed, in order to identify current and future trends. Thereby, compensation possibilities are examined as well. Secondly, from the findings of the literature research, relevant hypotheses on causes and effects are developed in the area of road safety. These hypotheses are then tested, using the accident data of the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) and the special analysis methodology ACAS – Accident Causation Analysis System of the Hannover Medical School (OTTE et al., 2009), with the aim of improving current knowledge on accident causes and their effects on the accident occurrence and accident risk, as well as the accident characteristics of this road user group. As a result, the carried-out accident analyses show that older car drivers do not generally represent a risky road user group for road safety. Nevertheless, the results also support the findings of previous studies. As only accidents with at least one injured person are recorded, no statement can be made regarding accident with only material damage. The in-depth accident data analysis showed that older car drivers do not generally represent a risk to road safety for themselves and/or others. Nevertheless, the analysis also confirmed some findings of previous studies. A central one, which corresponds to the expectations regarding age-related changes, is an increased proportion of accidents due to illness (e.g., dementia) or age-related limitations. Another confirmation was older car drivers being more likely to be involved in accidents due to a blinding sun or the responsibility of other vehicles, as well as due to an excess of information (coded “complex information” by ACAS). Older car drivers also seem, according to the assumptions, to have accidents more often due to illness or medication that younger drivers. In addition, previous findings that older car drivers have accidents more often due to misjudgement of distance and misjudgement of the speed of other road users are confirmed. The analysis of accident categories and accident types as well as accidents at junctions and intersections confirms previous studies (CLARKE et al., 2010; OXLEY et al., 2006; POTTGIEßER, 2012), according to which older car drivers are more likely to have accidents at junctions (X-intersections and T-intersections), especially when turning left. With the help of the underlying database, the "Frailty bias" described in the literature (OXLEY et al., 2006) could be confirmed, according to which the severity of injuries increases with age. It is often discussed whether older car drivers are more likely to cause road traffic accidents than car drivers under the age of 65 years. This question was also investigated as part of the in-depth analysis. The summarised analysis of the main fault (biggest share of fault of one party, if there were several parties at fault) and the solo-fault (only one party is to blame for the accident) showed that younger car drivers are significantly less likely to be blamed for an accident than older car drivers. In the last part of the report (chapter 7), recommendations are made based on the interpretations of the evaluated findings, on improvement measures to take in the area of human factors, environment and vehicle technology. Modifications and implications in these areas are deduced from the findings on mobility-related and road safety-relevant characteristics of older car drivers. Potential supporting initiatives are addressed at the levels of infrastructure, training and vehicle design, in order to improve the road safety of this rapidly growing age group in the long term

    Evaluating cycling programs for 10- to 14-year-old children

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    Children between the age of 10 to 14 increasingl.y use their bik.e as a means of transport. Unfortunately, they still show deficits in competencies needed for safe traffic participation ( e.g. erratic attention or self-awareness ). This is reflected in an increase in the risk of accidents involving bicylces for 10-to 14-year-olds: 56.8% of 10- to 14-year-old children who have bad road traffic accidents in 2020, had bicycle accidents. In Germany, there are various programs to improve bicycle safety for children. In contrast to the ,,FahrradfĂŒhrerschein' (bicycle driving license which usually takes place in fourth grade), programs for 10 to 14 year-olds are less standardized and various offers exist. There has been no evaluation on the quality of these programs yet. Therefore, we developed an evaluation standard for programs that aim to improve cycling safety for 10-to 14- year-olds. To do so, a catalogue of criteria was developed which helps describe and evaluate cycling projects for children in this age group. We then evaluated existing projects and collected them in a web-based database. Our aim is to provide a gu.ideline to evaluating cycling safety programs for 10-to 14-year-olds and to offer an overview about various existing programs

    Evaluating cycling programs for 10- to 14-year-old children

    No full text
    Children between the age of 10 to 14 increasingl.y use their bik.e as a means of transport. Unfortunately, they still show deficits in competencies needed for safe traffic participation ( e.g. erratic attention or self-awareness ). This is reflected in an increase in the risk of accidents involving bicylces for 10-to 14-year-olds: 56.8% of 10- to 14-year-old children who have bad road traffic accidents in 2020, had bicycle accidents. In Germany, there are various programs to improve bicycle safety for children. In contrast to the ,,FahrradfĂŒhrerschein' (bicycle driving license which usually takes place in fourth grade), programs for 10 to 14 year-olds are less standardized and various offers exist. There has been no evaluation on the quality of these programs yet. Therefore, we developed an evaluation standard for programs that aim to improve cycling safety for 10-to 14- year-olds. To do so, a catalogue of criteria was developed which helps describe and evaluate cycling projects for children in this age group. We then evaluated existing projects and collected them in a web-based database. Our aim is to provide a gu.ideline to evaluating cycling safety programs for 10-to 14-year-olds and to offer an overview about various existing programs
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