Deep Lake: a Lakehouse for Deep Learning

Traditional data lakes provide critical data infrastructure for analytical workloads by enabling time travel, running SQL queries, ingesting data with ACID transactions, and visualizing petabyte-scale datasets on cloud storage. They allow organizations to break down data silos, unlock data-driven decision-making, improve operational efficiency, and reduce costs. However, as deep learning takes over common analytical workflows, traditional data lakes become less useful for applications such as natural language processing (NLP), audio processing, computer vision, and applications involving non-tabular datasets. This paper presents Deep Lake, an open-source lakehouse for deep learning applications developed at Activeloop. Deep Lake maintains the benefits of a vanilla data lake with one key difference: it stores complex data, such as images, videos, annotations, as well as tabular data, in the form of tensors and rapidly streams the data over the network to (a) Tensor Query Language, (b) in-browser visualization engine, or (c) deep learning frameworks without sacrificing GPU utilization. Datasets stored in Deep Lake can be accessed from PyTorch, TensorFlow, JAX, and integrate with numerous MLOps tools

Shock Tube Measurements of the <i>tert</i>-Butanol + OH Reaction Rate and the <i>tert</i>-C₄H₈OH Radical β‑Scission Branching Ratio Using Isotopic Labeling

The overall rate constant for the reaction <i>tert</i>-butanol + OH → products was determined experimentally behind reflected shock waves by using ¹⁸O-substituted <i>tert</i>-butanol (<i>tert</i>-butan¹⁸ol) and <i>tert</i>-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as a fast source of ¹⁶OH. The data were acquired from 900 to 1200 K near 1.1 atm and are best fit by the Arrhenius expression 1.24 × 10^–10 exp­(−2501/<i>T</i> [K]) cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1. The products of the title reaction include the <i>tert</i>-C₄H₈OH radical that is known to have two major β-scission decomposition channels, one of which produces OH radicals. Experiments with the isotopically labeled <i>tert</i>-butan¹⁸ol also lead to an experimental determination of the branching ratio for the β-scission pathways of the <i>tert</i>-C₄H₈OH radical by comparing the measured pseudo-first-order decay rate of ¹⁶OH in the presence of excess <i>tert</i>-butan¹⁶ol with the respective decay rate of ¹⁶OH in the presence of excess <i>tert</i>-butan¹⁸ol. The two decay rates of ¹⁶OH as a result of reactions with the two forms of <i>tert</i>-butanol differ by approximately a factor of 5 due to the absence of ¹⁶OH-producing pathways in experiments with <i>tert</i>-butan¹⁸ol. This indicates that 80% of the ¹⁶OH molecules that react with <i>tert</i>-butan¹⁶ol will reproduce another ¹⁶OH molecule through β-scission of the resulting <i>tert</i>-C₄H₈¹⁶OH radical. ¹⁶OH mole fraction time histories were measured using narrow-line-width laser absorption near 307 nm. Measurements were performed at the line center of the R₂₂(5.5) transition in the A–X­(0,0) band of ¹⁶OH, a transition that does not overlap with any absorption features of ¹⁸OH, hence yielding a measurement of ¹⁶OH mole fraction that is insensitive to any production of ¹⁸OH