303 research outputs found

    The Westermo test results data set

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    There is a growing body of knowledge in the computer science, software engineering, software testing and software test automation disciplines. However, there is a challenge for researchers to evaluate their research findings, innovations and tools due to lack of realistic data. This paper presents the Westermo test results data set, more than one million verdicts from testing of embedded systems, from more than five hundred consecutive days of nightly testing. The data also contains information on code changes in both the software under test and the test framework used for testing. This data set can support the research community in particular with respect to the regression test selection problem, flaky tests, test results visualization, etc

    Snorkeling of lysine side chains in transmembrane helices: how easy can it get?

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    AbstractTransmembrane segments of proteins are often flanked by lysine residues. The side chains of these residues may snorkel, i.e. they may bury themselves with their aliphatic part in the hydrophobic region of the lipid bilayer, while positioning the charged amino group in the more polar interface. Here we estimate the free energy cost of snorkeling from thermodynamical calculations based on studies with synthetic transmembrane peptides [Strandberg et al. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 7190–7198]. The value is estimated to be between 0.07 and 0.7 kcal mol−1 for a lysine side chain. This very low value indicates that snorkeling may be a common process, which should be taken into consideration both in experimental and in theoretical studies on protein–lipid interactions

    Analys och gestaltning av miljön kring vattentornet i Uppsalas stadsskog

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    The water tower in Uppsala city forest was built in the late 1950's in what is now a nature reserve. The unique place was supposed to be visited by people, which is currently not the situation. This bachelor thesis aimed to perform an analysis and make a design proposal for the environment surrounding the water tower. The analysis was performed using the methodology previously described by architect Arne Branzell. The methodology focuses on how a space is perceived by a person moving through it. The analyses showed that the place was undefined and unadapted for human interaction. The design proposal suggests that the paths and spaces should be defined and that they should create possibilities for people to interact. The concept of the design is extended ecotones, meaning that the forest edge is extended towards the centre and thereby made a part of the place. The methodology by Branzell was well suited for the analyses, but can be perceived as impractical when used in a digital working environment. However, the potential for developing technical software that suits this type of analyses is high.Vattentornet i Uppsalas stadsskog byggdes under sent 1950-tal i vad som idag Àr ett naturreservat. Denna unika plats var menad att brukas och besökas av mÀnniskor, vilket idag inte Àr fallet. Denna kandidatuppsats syftade till att göra en analys av och ett gestaltningsförslag för omrÄdet runt vattentornet. Analysen gjordes med arkitekt Arne Branzells metodik, vilken fokuserar pÄ hur rummet uppfattas av en person som rör sig genom rummet. Analyserna visade att platsen Àr odefinierad och inte anpassad för mÀnsklig interaktion. Gestaltningsförslaget föreslÄr att rörelsestrÄken och rummen ska definieras, för att underlÀtta mÀnsklig interaktion. Konceptet för gestaltningen Àr förlÀngda ekotoner, vilket innebÀr att skogsbrynet förlÀngs in mot platsens mitt, och dÀrmed görs till en del av platsen snarare Àn ett omgivande element. Branzells metodik var vÀl lÀmpad för analysen av platsen, dock ej helt i fas med digitala arbetsmetoder. Potentialen för utveckling av mjukvara som passar metodiken Àr dock stor

    Antibiotic Potential and Biophysical Characterization of Amphipathic ÎČ-Stranded [XZ]n Peptides With Alternating Cationic and Hydrophobic Residues

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    Cationic membrane-active peptides are considered to be promising candidates for antibiotic treatment. Many natural and artificial sequences show an antimicrobial activity when they are able to take on an amphipathic fold upon membrane binding, which in turn perturbs the integrity of the lipid bilayer. Most known structures are α-helices and ÎČ-hairpins, but also cyclic knots and other irregular conformations are known. Linear ÎČ-stranded antimicrobial peptides are not so common in nature, but numerous model sequences have been designed. Interestingly, many of them tend to be highly membranolytic, but also have a significant tendency to self-assemble into ÎČ-sheets by hydrogen-bonding. In this minireview we examine the literature on such amphipathic peptides consisting of simple repetitive sequences of alternating cationic and hydrophobic residues, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. Their interactions with lipids have been characterized with a number of biophysical techniques—especially circular dichroism, fluorescence, and infrared—in order to determine their secondary structure, membrane binding, aggregation tendency, and ability to permeabilize vesicles. Their activities against bacteria, biofilms, erythrocytes, and human cells have also been studied using biological assays. In line with the main scope of this Special Issue, we attempt to correlate the biophysical results with the biological data, and in particular we discuss which properties (length, charge, aggregation tendency, etc.) of these simple model peptides are most relevant for their biological function. The overview presented here offers ideas for future experiments, and also suggests a few design rules for promising ÎČ-stranded peptides to develop efficient antimicrobial agents

    Gestaltning genom medborgarstyrd förvaltning

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    Syftet med det hĂ€r examensarbetet var att testa en metod för praktisk medborgarsamverkan för gestaltning genom förvaltning av kommunala grönomrĂ„den. MĂ„let har varit att utveckla en enkel och praktisk metod för hur sĂ„dan medborgarsamverkan kan gĂ„ till. Analysen av och erfarenheterna frĂ„n kursen ”Gestaltning genom förvaltning” vid SLU, Uppsala, har fungerat som en förstudie till detta examensarbete. I kursen lĂ€rde sig studenterna hur man kan arbeta med befintliga platser och grönomrĂ„den i behov av upprustning, och hur dessa platser kan utvecklas med hjĂ€lp av vĂ€l genomtĂ€nkta underhĂ„llsinsatser. Syftet var att se förvaltning av grönomrĂ„den som nĂ„gonting mer Ă€n bara skötsel och underhĂ„ll, genom att inkludera landskapsarkitektoniska aspekter bĂ„de i planering och underhĂ„ll, alltsĂ„ att gestalta genom att förvalta. MĂ„let var att anvĂ€nda det vĂ€xtmaterial och de förhĂ„llanden som platsen redan erbjöd, snarare Ă€n att lĂ€gga till nya vĂ€xtmaterial och ge platsen nya förutsĂ€ttningar. Under den avslutande övningen i kursen testades kursens tidigare lĂ€rdomar i praktiken i ett litet grönomrĂ„de i Uppsala. Drygt ett Ă„r efter kursen har Uppsala kommun fĂ„tt ett nytt grönomrĂ„de med nya kvalitĂ©er, bara genom enkla mekaniska förvaltningsĂ„tgĂ€rder. Gestaltning genom förvaltning Ă€r inte ett fast begrepp, men i detta examensarbete symboliserar det en gestaltning av platser genom anvĂ€ndning av befintliga, lokala resurser och förvaltarens kunskap. Huvudfokuset för gestaltning genom förvaltning Ă€r att Ă„teranvĂ€nda befintligt material pĂ„ platsen snarare Ă€n att addera nya material. Detta kan göras pĂ„ mĂ„nga sĂ€tt, till exempel genom selektiv utgallring och skapande av trĂ€dportaler. Fallstudien som ingĂ„r i detta examensarbete anvĂ€nder sig av medborgarsamverkan, vilket definieras som ett helt eller delvis överförande av makt frĂ„n kommunen till medborgarna under en specifik process. En gĂ„tur genomfördes, dĂ€r medborgare fick ha Ă„sikter om platsens utveckling. Det praktiska arbetet pĂ„ platsen i fallstudien utfördes med hjĂ€lp av medborgarna, vilket förstĂ€rkte deras intryck av inflytande och reell makt, och Ă€ven relationerna till platsen. Slutsatsen Ă€r att medborgarsamverkan kring samhĂ€llsbyggande Ă€r viktigt men kanske inte alls behöver vara separerad frĂ„n det praktiska utförandet. SjĂ€lva utförandet snarare Ă€n planerandet bör stĂ€llas i fokus vid enklare utveckling av grönomrĂ„den. Det praktiska arbetet resulterar i att grunden för framtida skötsel, underhĂ„ll och utveckling gjuts in av anvĂ€ndarna. En relation till platsen som bygger pĂ„ tidigare, nutida och framtida anvĂ€ndande av den skapar en bĂ€ttre gestaltning genom att den kĂ€nslomĂ€ssiga kopplingen till platsen respekteras och förstĂ€rks

    3D Hydrophobic Moment Vectors as a Tool to Characterize the Surface Polarity of Amphiphilic Peptides

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    AbstractThe interaction of membranes with peptides and proteins is largely determined by their amphiphilic character. Hydrophobic moments of helical segments are commonly derived from their two-dimensional helical wheel projections, and the same is true for ÎČ-sheets. However, to the best of our knowledge, there exists no method to describe structures in three dimensions or molecules with irregular shape. Here, we define the hydrophobic moment of a molecule as a vector in three dimensions by evaluating the surface distribution of all hydrophilic and lipophilic regions over any given shape. The electrostatic potential on the molecular surface is calculated based on the atomic point charges. The resulting hydrophobic moment vector is specific for the instantaneous conformation, and it takes into account all structural characteristics of the molecule, e.g., partial unfolding, bending, and side-chain torsion angles. Extended all-atom molecular dynamics simulations are then used to calculate the equilibrium hydrophobic moments for two antimicrobial peptides, gramicidin S and PGLa, under different conditions. We show that their effective hydrophobic moment vectors reflect the distribution of polar and nonpolar patches on the molecular surface and the calculated electrostatic surface potential. A comparison of simulations in solution and in lipid membranes shows how the peptides undergo internal conformational rearrangement upon binding to the bilayer surface. A good correlation with solid-state NMR data indicates that the hydrophobic moment vector can be used to predict the membrane binding geometry of peptides. This method is available as a web application on http://www.ibg.kit.edu/HM/

    Synergistic Insertion of Antimicrobial Magainin-Family Peptides in Membranes Depends on the Lipid Spontaneous Curvature

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    AbstractPGLa and magainin 2 (MAG2) are amphiphilic antimicrobial peptides from frog skin with known synergistic activity. The orientation of the two helices in membranes was studied using solid-state 15N-NMR, for each peptide alone and for a 1:1 mixture of the peptides, in a range of different lipid systems. Two types of orientational behavior emerged. 1), In lipids with negative spontaneous curvature, both peptides remain flat on the membrane surface, when assessed both alone and in a 1:1 mixture. 2), In lipids with positive spontaneous curvature, PGLa alone assumes a tilted orientation but inserts into the bilayer in a transmembrane alignment in the presence of MAG2, whereas MAG2 stays on the surface or gets only slightly tilted, when observed both alone and in the presence of PGLa. The behavior of PGLa alone is identical to that of another antimicrobial peptide, MSI-103, in the same lipid systems, indicating that the curvature-dependent helix orientation is a general feature of membrane-bound peptides and also influences their synergistic intermolecular interactions
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