Quantum cryptography

Katedra chemické fyziky a optikyDepartment of Chemical Physics and OpticsFaculty of Mathematics and PhysicsMatematicko-fyzikální fakult

Optimalizace vlastností Ti slitin pro biomedicínské a strukturní aplikace

Title: Optimization of properties of Ti based alloys for biomedical and structural applications Author: Josef Stráský Department / Institute: Department of Physics of Materials Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: Assoc. Prof. Miloš Janeček, Ph.D. Abstract: Titanium alloys belong to the mostly used biomaterials for orthopaedic implants. Advanced surface treatments of Ti alloys for orthopaedic use and newly developed biomedical beta-Ti alloys are investigated in this thesis. Wide spectrum of experimental techniques was employed in order to correlate material processing, microstructure and mechanical properties. Electric discharge machining was used as a biocompatibility enhancing surface treatment of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, but the treated material suffered from the poor fatigue performance. Two subsequent surface treatments - chemical etching and shot- peening - were proposed and it was shown that their combination significantly improves the fatigue performance of the material making it applicable in orthopaedics. This process was patented in the Czech Republic. The thesis further reviews complex problematic of biocompatible beta-Ti alloys. Several new biocompatible beta-Ti alloys were designed on the basis of Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta quaternary alloy. The effect of Fe, Si and O additions on microstructure, elastic modulus and...Název práce: Optimalizace vlastností Ti slitin pro biomedicínské a strukturní aplikace Autor: Josef Stráský Katedra / Ústav: Katedra fyziky materiálů Vedoucí doktorské práce: Doc. RNDr. Miloš Janeček, CSc. Abstrakt: Slitiny titanu patří mezi nejpoužívanější materiály pro výrobu tělních implantátů. Předkládaná dizertace se věnuje experimentálnímu studiu pokročilých technologií povrchových úprav titanových implantátů a vývoji nových beta-titanových slitin pro využití v ortopedii. Široké spektrum experimentálních technik bylo využito pro studium souvislostí mezi přípravou materiálu, mikrostrukturou a mechanickými vlastnostmi. Elektroerozivní obrábění bylo využito netradičně jako povrchová úprava pro zvýšení biokompatibility slitiny Ti-6Al-4V. Nevýhodou povrchové úpravy je snížená únavová odolnost. Dvě následné úpravy povrchu - chemické leptání a kuličkování - byly navrženy pro zvýšení únavové odolnosti. Dosažená únavová odolnost je dostatečná pro využití takto upraveného materiálu v ortopedii. Tento proces byl patentován českým úřadem průmyslového vlastnictví. Dizertace dále shrnuje dosažené poznatky v oblasti biokompatibilních beta-slitin Ti. Na základě výchozí slitiny Ti- Nb-Zr-Ta bylo navrženo několik nových slitin s příměsemi železa, křemíku a kyslíku. Vliv příměsí na mikrostrukturu, modul pružnosti a...Katedra fyziky materiálůDepartment of Physics of MaterialsFaculty of Mathematics and PhysicsMatematicko-fyzikální fakult

Microstructure Evolution in Ultrafine-grained Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation

Commercial MgAlZn alloy AZ31 was processed by two techniques of severe plastic deformation (SPD): equal channel angular pressing and high pressure torsion. Several microscopic techniques, namely light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and automated crystallographic orientation mapping were employed to characterize the details of microstructure evolution and grain fragmentation of the alloy as a function of strain imposed to the material using these SPD techniques. The advantages and drawbacks of these techniques, as well as the limits of their resolution, are discussed in detail. The results of microstructure observations indicate the effectiveness of grain refinement by severe plastic deformation in this alloy. The thermal stability of ultrafine-grained structure that is important for practical applications is also discussed

Thermal Stability of Ultra-Fine Grained Microstructure in Mg and Ti Alloys

This chapter reviews the thermal stability of ultra-fine grained (UFG) microstructure in selected magnesium and titanium-based materials prepared by severe plastic deformation (SPD). The focus is on the wide palette of experimental methods applicable for investigation of microstructural stability. These methods include scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), microhardness measurement, positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), and electrical resistance measurement. Microstructural stability of UFG commercially pure (CP) Ti and Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy produced by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) is studied ex situ after annealing by SEM, by microhardness measurements, and in situ during heating, by high precision electrical resistance measurements. Both materials show stable UFG structure up to 440°C. Further annealing causes recovery and recrystallization of the microstructure. At 650°C, the microstructure is completely recrystallized. Magnesium alloy AZ31 is prepared by hot extrusion followed by ECAP. UFG microstructure recovers and continuously recrystallizes during annealing. The microstructure of UFG AZ31 alloy is stable up to 170°C and subsequent grain growth is analyzed. Special attention is paid to interpret the activation energy of the grain growth. The superplastic properties of UFG AZ31 alloy are investigated in the temperature range of 170–250°C

Sequence of phase transformations in metastable ß Zr–12Nb alloy studied in situ by HEXRD and complementary techniques

Phase transformations in a metastable beta Zr–12Nb alloy were investigated by high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) measured simultaneously with thermal expansion in situ during linear heating from room temperature to 800 °C. Complementary in-situ methods of electrical resistance and differential scanning calorimetry, which were performed using the same heating conditions as in the HEXRD experiment, provided additional information on the transformation sequence occurring in the Zr–12Nb alloy. Two bcc phases with a different lattice parameter, ßZr and ßNb, were observed in the investigated temperature range and identified using the phase diagram of the Zr–Nb system. In the initial solution-treated condition, metastable ßZr phase and athermal ¿ particles are present in the material. At about 300 °C, Nb-rich ßNb phase starts to form in the material and the original ßZr phase gradually disappears. Ex-situ observations of the microstructure using transmission electron microscopy revealed a cuboidal shape of the ¿ particles, which is related to a relatively large misfit between the ¿ and ß phases. At 560 °C, ¿ solvus was observed, identified by an abrupt dissolution of ¿ particles which was followed by growth of the a phase.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Market equilibrium

Institut ekonomických studiíInstitute of Economic StudiesFakulta sociálních vědFaculty of Social Science

Zeeman effect in semiconductor quantum structures

This theoretical thesis presents detailed study of negatively charged excitons - trions - confined in single quantum well in presence of perpendicular magnetic field. Complex valence band of GaAs/GaAlAs compound is described within Luttinger Hamiltonian framework. Singlet and triplet states of negative trion are introduced. Advanced theoretical analysis of Zeeman effect for different states of trion is performed. Landau gauge of magnetic field and unusual wavefunctions basis is chosen and its accuracy is tested. Evolution of ground state energy and photoluminescence spectra with magnetic field is evaluated for different values of Landé g-factors. Probability of occurrence of electrons with respect to the hole position and their spatial correlation function are investigated

Can Bayesian econometric methods outperform traditional econometrics in inflation forecasting?

Forecasting of inflation rates has become crucial for both policy makers and private agents who try to understand and react to Central Bank decisions since many Central Banks implemented inflation targeting rules instead of control of monetary aggregates. Inflation forecasting is considered to be very complicated issue because univariate regression models and structural macroeconomic models are usually outperformed by naive random walk model. This work is intended for forecasting inflation in the Czech Republic by employing Bayesian econometric method (namely Bayesian Vector autoregression - BVAR). Bayesian methods proved to be useful in inflation forecasting in developed countries (Fabio Canova: G-7 Inflation Forecasts: Random Walk, Phillips Curve or What Else?, 2007). Bayesian econometrics is one of the most developing fields of econometrics for past two decades. In the centre of the approach is Bayesian probabilistic theory based on conditional probabilities. This probabilistic approach is, however, computationally demanding. Fast computer evolution enables wide applications of Bayesian models. Model estimations are based on combining information from some prior beliefs and from the data. Many different sorts of models have their Bayesian variants (e.g. OLS) but the emphasis in this work is on Bayesian..