Muscis Hawaiiensis Mantissae : 2., Neckeropsis obtusata (Mont.) Fleisch. restored to the flora of the archipelago

Reported once and then deleted as a misidentification, Neckeropsis obtusata is confirmed as a component of the Hawaiian flora based on newly collected material. The species is still known only from a very limited area of the westernmost main island of Kauai and may represent an adventive introduction

William T Brigham's Hawaiian Birds and a Possible Historical Record of Ciridops anna (Aves: Drepanidini) from Molokai

Two of the five known specimens of the extinct Hawaiian bird Ciridops anna (Dole, 1878) came to the Museum of Comparative Zoology with a small collection of Hawaiian birds of unknown origin. Historical evidence is marshaled to show that this material was almost certainly collected by William T. Brigham in 1864-1865. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the specimens of Ciridops anna may have come from the island of Molokai, where the species was previously unknown during the historic period

Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Preying on Maritime Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus, on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia

At 1053 hours on 23 July 2006 a Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, was observed in flight transporting in its talons a live Maritime Garter Snake, Thamnophis sirtalis pallidulus, at South Harbour (46°52'01.7"N, 60°26'45.8"W), Cape Breton Island, Victoria County, Nova Scotia

Muscis Hawaiiensis Mantissae : 1., two weedy species of Bryum new to the archipelago

Bryum lisae var. cuspidatum and B. radiculosum were collected in xeric, lowland habitats on the islands of Oahu and Kauai, respectively, and constitute the first records for either species for the Hawaiian archipelago

The Geological Context of Middle Pleistocene Crater Lake Deposits and Fossil Birds at Ulupau Head, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands

Els dipòsits pleistocènics Llacunars del cràter Ulupau, a Oahu, contenen les restes fòssils més antigues d' ocells conegudes a les Illes Hawaïi. Aquests fòssils són importants per documentar les taxes evolutives a una varietat de línies d'ocells terrestres i aquàtics de les illes. Lanàlísí estratigràfic detallat revela diferents cicles deposicionals que comporten dipòsits llacunars interestratificats, colluvium i paleosòls. La conca volcànica va ser oberta per l'erosió marina prèvia al pic del darrer interglacial (estadi isotòpic marí, o 'MIS' Se), fa 125 ka, restringint l'edat dels sediments del Llac al Pleistocè Mitjà. Els tres cicles de deposició (Unitats III, IV i V) semblen estar estretament lligats a pujades interglacials amb una ciclicitat de 100 ka. Donada la complexitat de la successió dels sediments del cràter i el temps requerit per a la seva formació, és probable que la conca deillac s'omplís al Llarg de diferents interglacials, assolint una extensió màxima de més de 50 ha durant l'estadi MIS 11, fa W1S 400 ka. Aquesta és també la màxima edat probable de les capes fossilíferes més riques de la Unitat III, però no es pot excloure que siguin del MIS 9 (fa 300 ka). Els requeriments d'hàbitat probables de diferents elements de l'avifauna donen llum sobre la paleoecologia de la localitat durant el Pleistocè Mitjà.Summary Pleistocene lake deposits in Ulupau Crater on Oahu contain the oldest fossil bird remains known from the Hawaiian Islands. These fossils are important for docwnenting evolutionary rates in a variety of lineages of land and water birds from the islands. Detailed stratigraphic analysis reveals distinct cycles of deposition involving interbedded lacustrine deposits, coLluviwn, and paleosols. The volcanic basin was breached by marine erosion prior to the peak of the last interglaciation (marine isotope stage or 'MIS' Se) over 125 ky ago, constraining the age of the lake sediments to the middle Pleistocene. The three cycles of deposition (Units III, Iv; and V) appear to be closely linked with interglacial highstands with 100 ky cyclicity. Given the complexity of the succession of crater sediments and the time required for their formation, it is probable that the lake basin filled over several interglacials, reaching a maximwn extent of over 50 ha during MIS 11, about 400 ky ago. This is also the likely maximum age of the richest fossil beds in Unit Iv; but MIS 9 (300 ky) also remains a possibility. Probable habitat requirements of the various elements of the avifauna provide insights into the paleoecology of the site during the middle Pleistocene

Stratigraphy and Whole-Rock Amino Acid Geochronology of Key Holocene and Last Interglacial Carbonate Deposits in the Hawaiian Islands

We evaluated the utility of whole-rock amino acid racemization as a method for the stratigraphic correlation and dating of carbonate sediments in the Hawaiian Islands. D-alloisoleucine/L-isoleucine (A/I) ratios were determined for carbonate sand and sandstone samples from 25 localities in the archipelago. The superposition of A/I ratios within stratigraphic sections and the regional concordance of ratios within geological formations support the integrity of the method. To correlate the A/I ratios with an absolute chronology, comparisons were made with previously published uranium series dates on corals and with 14C dates on carbonate sand and organic material, including several new dates reported herein. The A/I mean from four marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e U-series calibration sites was 0.505 ± 0.027 (n = 11), and 12 "test sites" of previously uncertain or speculative geochronological age yielded an A/I mean of 0.445 ± 0.058 (n = 17). Similarly, extensive Holocene dunes on Moloka'i and Kaua'i were correlated by a mean A/I ratio of 0.266 ± 0.022 (n = 8) and equated with a 14C bulk sediment mean age of 8600 yr B.P. Our results indicate that the eolian dunes currently exposed in various localities in the Islands originated primarily during two major periods of dune formation, the last interglacial (MIS 5e) and the early Holocene (MIS 1). MIS 5e and MIS 1 A/I ratios from the Hawaiian Islands show close agreement with previous whole-rock studies in Bermuda and the Bahamas. We discuss these results in terms of their relevance to models of lithospheric flexure and to imposing constraints on the time frame for the extinction of fossil birds

Prodromus of Vertebrate Paleontology and Geochronology of Bermuda

Les fluctuacions pleistocèniques del nivell de la mar han estat el primer determinant de la deposició geològica i l'evolució biòtica a Bermuda. Lilla està composta d'arenes carbonatades dipositades sobre el cim erosionat d'un volcà submarí durant el decurs de nivells de la mar elevats dels períodes interglacials. A partir de les arenisques interglaciars s'han obtingut unes poques restes de vertebrats, principalment d'edat pleístocènica mitja. Els intervals glacials estan marcats per sols vermells, derivats principalment de la pols atmosfèrica. Els vertebrats fòssils d'edat glacial no es troben preservats a la superfície i només es coneixen de coves i rebliments de fissures. A Bermuda es coneixen faunes fòssils dels darrers dos episodis glacials, però no dels anteriors. Es coneixen extincions certes o probables de vertebrats correlacionades amb, com a minim, quatre pujades interglacials del nivell de la mar (estadis isotòpics marins, MIS, 11,9,5 i 1). Es revisa la història de la paleontologia de vertebrats a Bermuda i s'allisten i es descriuen breument les localitats de vertebrats fòssils.Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations were the primary determinant of geological deposition and biotic evolution on Bermuda. The island is composed of carbonate sand deposited on the eroded summit of a submarine volcano during elevated sea-levels of interglacial periods. A few vertebrate remains have been recovered directly from interglacial sandstones, mainly of mid-Pleistocene age. Glacial intervals are marked by red soils derived mainly from atmospheric dust. Vertebrate fossils of glacial age are not preserved at the surface and are known only from caves and fissure fills. Fossil faunas are known on Bermuda from the last two glacial episodes but none of the earlier ones. Certain or probable extinctions of vertebrates are correlated with at least four interglacial rises in sea-level--Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 11,9,5, and 1. The history ofvertebrate paleontology on Bermuda is reviewed and fossil vertebrate localities are listed and briefly described

Distinct and extinct: Genetic differentiation of the Hawaiian eagle

Eagles currently occur in the Hawaiian Islands only as vagrants, but Quaternary bones of Haliaeetus eagles have been found on three of the major islands. A previous study of a ∼3500-year-old skeleton from Maui found its mtDNA more similar to White-tailed (H. albicilla) than to Bald (H. leucocephalus) Eagles, but low intraspecific resolution of the markers and lack of comparative data from mainland populations precluded assessment of whether the individual was part of the diversity found in Eurasia, or whether it represented an endemic Hawaiian lineage. Using ancient DNA techniques, we sequenced part of the rapidly evolving mtDNA control region from the same specimen, and compared it to published range-wide control region data from White-tailed Eagles and newly generated sequences from Bald Eagles. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the Hawaiian eagle represents a distinct (>3% divergent) mtDNA lineage most closely related to those of extant White-tailed Eagles. Based on fossil calibration, we estimate that the Hawaiian mtDNA lineage diverged from mainland sequences around the Middle Pleistocene. Although not clearly differentiated morphologically from mainland forms, the Hawaiian eagle thus likely constituted an isolated, resident population in the Hawaiian archipelago for more than 100,000 years, where it was the largest terrestrial predator

Community structure of Pleistocene coral reefs of Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles

The Quaternary fossil record of living coral reefs is fundamental for understanding modern ecological patterns. Living reefs generally accumulate in place, so fossil reefs record a history of their former biological inhabitants and physical environments. Reef corals record their ecological history especially well because they form large, resistant skeletons, which can be identified to species. Thus, presence-absence and relative abundance data can be obtained with a high degree of confidence. Moreover, potential effects of humans on reef ecology were absent or insignificant on most reefs until the last few hundred years, so that it is possible to analyze "natural" distribution patterns before intense human disturbance began. We characterized Pleistocene reef coral assemblages from Curacao, Netherlands Antilles, Caribbean Sea, focusing on predictability in species abundance patterns from different reef environments over broad spatial scales. Our data set is composed of >2 km of surveyed Quaternary reef. Taxonomic composition showed consistent differences between environments and along secondary environmental gradients within environments. Within environments, taxonomic composition of communities was markedly similar indicating nonrandom species associations and communities composed of species occurring in characteristic abundances. This community similarity was maintained with little change over a 40-km distance. The nonrandom patterns in species abundances were similar to those found in the Caribbean before the effects of extensive anthropogenic degradation of reefs in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The high degree of order observed in species abundance patterns of fossil reef coral communities on a scale of tens of kilometers contrasts markedly with patterns observed in previous small-scale studies of modern reefs. Dominance of Acropora palmata in the reef crest zone and patterns of overlap and nonoverlap of species in the Montastraea ''annularis'' sibling species complex highlight the tendency for distribution and abundance patterns of Pleistocene corals to reflect environmental preferences at multiple spatial scales. Wave energy is probably the most important physical environmental variable structuring these coral communities. The strong similarity between ancient and pre-1980s Caribbean reefs and the nonrandom distribution of coral species in space and time indicate that recent variability noted at much smaller time scales may be due to either unprecedented anthropogenic influences on reefs or fundamentally different patterns at varying spatio-temporal scales

Prevalence and Diversity of Avian Hematozoan Parasites in Asia: A Regional Study

Tissue samples from 699 birds from three regions of Asia (Myanmar, India, and South Korea) were screened for evidence of infection by avian parasites in the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus. Samples were collected from November 1994 to October 2004. We identified 241 infected birds (34.0%). Base-on-sequence data for the cytochrome b gene from 221 positive samples, 34 distinct lineages of Plasmodium, and 41 of Haemoproteus were detected. Parasite diversity was highest in Myanmar followed by India and South Korea. Parasite prevalence differed among regions but not among host families. There were four lineages of Plasmodium and one of Haemoproteus shared between Myanmar and India and only one lineage of Plasmodium shared between Myanmar and South Korea. No lineages were shared between India and South Korea, although an equal number of distinct lineages were recovered from each region. Migratory birds in South Korea and India originate from two different migratory flyways; therefore cross-transmission of parasite lineages may be less likely. India and Myanmar shared more host species and habitat types compared to South Korea. Comparison between low-elevation habitat in India and Myanmar showed a difference in prevalence of haematozoans