Minimum living levels among black employees in a textile processing industry in Natal

Research concerns investigation of minimum living levels for African employees in the Hammarsdale region, a border area

Changes in household structure from 1958 to 1972 in an African peri-urban area near Durban

Paper prepared for the Sixth Annual Congress of the Association for Sociology in Southern Africa (30th June-3rd July, 1975

Illness and injuries in athletes with visual impairment at the London 2012 Paralympic Games

Background: Participation in sport by athletes with impairment has grown and evolved rapidly since the inception of the Paralympic Games. Athletes with visual impairment were first included in the Paralympic Games in 1976. Surveillance of illnesses and injuries forms the first important step in determination of the epidemiology and an understanding of the risk factors for both illness and injuries in these populations. Thus, surveillance can therefore assist medical teams in implementing prevention strategies. Few studies have evaluated the incidence of illness and injuries amongst athletes with impairment. For this reason, a novel web based injury and illness surveillance system (WEBIISS) was developed for use by the team physicians at the London 2012 Paralympic Games. To our knowledge, no study has specifically researched the epidemiology of illness and injuries in athletes with visual impairment during a major sport event such as the Paralympic Games. Objective: To determine the incidence associated with illness and injuries in athletes with visual impairment during the London 2012 Paralympic Games. We further aim to describe any differences between sports, age groups, gender and body systems affected in this cohort of athletes. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of a component of the large prospective cohort study on the epidemiology of injury and illness conducted over a 14-day period at the London 2012 Paralympic Games. The data from 711 of the 791 athletes with visual impairment who participated in the London 2012 Paralympic Games were analyzed. The following data sources were used: Firstly, de-identified information regarding age, gender, impairment, country code and sports code of athletes obtained from the International Paralympic Committee database. Secondly, information collected from the electronic medical data capture system (EMDCS) used at all the London Organizing Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) medical stations; and thirdly a novel web-based injury and illness surveillance system (WEB-IISS) used by the team physicians. This is the most comprehensive reporting system used in elite athletes with impairment to date. Data were collected on a daily basis from 3 days prior to the start of the Paralympic Games (pre-competition period) until the last day of the 11-day Paralympic Games (competition period). Definitions: In order to determine the nature and extent of illnesses and injuries as well to enable uniformity in research studies evaluating the data collected during the London 2012 Paralympic Games, the following definitions were implemented: Illness was defined as 'any newly acquired illness as well as exacerbation of pre-existing illness that occurred during training or competition, and during or immediately before the London 2012 Paralympic Games'. Injury was defined as 'any newly acquired injury as well as exacerbation of pre-existing injury that occurred during training and/or competition period of the London 2012 Paralympic Games'. Incidence rate (IR) of illness or injury is the number of illnesses or injuries per 1000 athlete days. Incidence proportion (IP) of illness or injury is the proportion of athletes affected by illness or injury (n/100). Results: Incidence rate of illness (IR 11.9; 95% CI 9.0 - 15.7) was similar to incidence rate of injuries (IR 14.5; 95% CI 11.3 - 18.5) in VI athletes. The IR of illness for VI athletes (IR 11.9; 95% CI 9.0 - 15.7) compared well to that of illness for all impairment groups (IR 12.7; 95% CI 10.2 - 16.0). Furthermore, the IR of injuries for VI athletes (IR 14.5; 95% CI 11.3 -18.5) compared well to that of injuries for al impairment groups (IR 12.6; 95% CI 10.3 - 15.4). Gender and age did not affect the risk of illness or injuries in VI athletes. Furthermore, there was a higher IR of illness for swimmers with visual impairment compared to other sports, but this was not statistically significant. The IR of illness for VI athletes participating in swimming was 12.5 (95% CI 8.8 - 17.8) compared to that of VI non-swimmers, IR 11.8 (95% CI 8.9 - 15.6). Participation in athletics (track and field) was associated with a slightly higher risk for injury for athletes with VI compared to other sports, but this was not statistically significant. The IR of injury was 15.8 (95% CI 11.6 - 21.5) and the IP 22.1 (95% CI 16.3 - 30.1) for VI track and field athletes. The IR of injury was 13.0 (95% CI 9.6 - 17.4) and IP 18.1 (95% CI 13.5 - 24.3) amongst VI athletes not participating in track and field athletics. VI swimmers had a lower IR of injury (IR 4.1; 95% CI 1.8 - 9.5) than VI non-swimmers (IR 16.1; 95% CI 12.6 - 20.7) (p=0.002). There was a higher IR and IP of lower limb injuries compared to upper limb injuries in athletes with visual impairment. The IR for lower limb injuries in athletes with visual impairment was 7.7 (95% CI 5.8 - 10.3) and the IP was 10.8 (95% CI 8.1 - 14.4). The average IR of lower limb injuries for all para-athletes was 4.5 (95% CI 3.5 - 5.7). The IR for upper limb injuries in athletes with visual impairment was 3.0 (95% CI 1.9 - 4.5) and the IP was 4.1 (95% CI 2.7 - 6.3). The average IR for upper limb injuries for all para-athletes was 4.5 (95% CI 3.5 - 5.9). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that Paralympic athletes with VI had a similar incidence rate of illness and injury compared to other impairment groups; and IR of illness was similar to that of injuries. Risk of illness or injury was not affected by age group or gender, but rather sport specific differences were observed. Of particular interest was the fact that athletes with VI had a higher incidence rate of lower limb injuries than upper limb injuries

The background to the introduction of income tax on employee share options

Using Treasury and Inland Revenue files from the National Archives, this article traces the developments leading to the introduction of the first set of UK provisions specifically designed to charge profits from the exercise of employee share options as income. It examines how the Revenue discovered a potential problem in their interpretation of existing general legislation and their reaction to the loss of a test case in the House of Lords. It gives an insight into how policy in the area was formulated and into the relationship between the Revenue and Treasury Ministers who, even though knowledgeable on the subject, found themselves persuaded to act almost completely in accordance with the Revenue's views

Two aspects of social change: Highfield African township, Salisbury

A structured inquiry survey on social change in the African neighborhood of Highfields in Zimbabwe.This paper presents the results of a structured enquiry survey which is a sequel to a sociographic survey of Highfield African township (Stopforth: 1971). The general introduction to the 1971 publication outlines physical and general information on the township and will not be repeated here. Since the completion of the field research for this project in December 1969, Highfield township has passed from the administration of the Ministry of Local Government and Housing to that of the Greater Salisbury Municipality (July 1971). However, the responsibility for continuing a scheme of local government for urban African townships remain the prerogative of the minister of Local Government and Housing (Municipal Amendment Act 1971, sect. 30). For many Africans, the change in township administration constituted a threatening situation. The convention of central government at that time had been to promote home-ownership schemes, whereas local govern ment administrative authorities were known to favour rented (non-ownership) housing for urban Africans. Many home-owners now feared that they would have to relinquish title to their homes. This general fear was exacerbated by some ill-considered debate in the lower house concerning the fate of African townships, viz. whether urban African townships should remain as part of the urban complex or be “transferred” to neighbouring tribal trust lands

Seeking a Research Method to Study Women Who Have Recovered from Trauma and Addiction that Combines Feminist Theory, Somatic Theory, Alternative Forms of Representation, and Social Justice

The following paper attempts to find an approach to research that will best suit women who have recovered from addictions and trauma and consider themselves resilient. This approach will need to combine contemporary feminist theory, somatic theory, and alternative forms of representation/interpretation. The paper will begin by exploring the connection between postmodern feminist theory and somatic theory and what they both have to say about how we embody social conditions of gender through non-verbal interactions. Research will then be examined that captures the non-verbal aspects of being in the world and how this intersects with the postmodern turn. Finally, in combining postmodernism, embodiment, and alternative forms of representation, cutting edge research will be explored that takes embodiment to the next level: social action

A study of malnutrition in the Nqutu district of KwaZulu

Research was completed in collaboration with John Reid and Hilstan Watts, and with a contribution by Black Sash