Plains Apache Tipis: Residential and Ceremonial Lodges

For many Americans, tipis symbolize the nomadic Native American culture and lifestyle. This understanding has been so extensively advanced by paintings, advertising, films, and television that tipis have come to be associated with Native American groups in almost all geographical regions. Tipis were, however, an integral part of residential and ceremonial life in the Great Plains where both construction and use were closely tied to indigenous social organization, politics, war, and spirituality. Among the Kiowa and Plains Apache, residents of the Southern Plains, some tipi covers were painted to reflect war deeds or spiritual blessings. This paper examines the construction, decoration, ownership, and destruction of historic Plains Apache tipis, as well as modern uses of the iconic structures

Health Risks, Nutrition Assessments and Disease Prevalence Among African Immigrant Groups in Atlanta Georgia

HEALTH RISKS, NUTRITION ASSESSMENT AND DISEASE PREVALENCE AMONG AFRICAN IMMIGRANT GROUPS IN ATLANTA GEORGIA Background: Though past studies have suggested immigrants are generally healthier than the native population, the immigrant acquisition of chronic diseases, such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes, over time, is poorly understood among African immigrants. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the health status, health risks chronic disease prevalence, and acculturation among immigrants from Ghana, Kenya and Nigeria. Participants/setting: 130 adult African immigrants living in Atlanta and attending any of four church health fairs. Participants completed anthropometric, health status assessments and a Home Environment Family connections Survey. Main outcome measures: BMI, waist circumference, blood glucose, blood pressure, fruit consumption frequency, availability of sugared sweetened drinks and physical activity were assessed and compared among African immigrant groups. Statistical analysis: Prevalence was calculated. Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to compare anthropometrics while demographic and categorical survey data was compared using chi-squared tests. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the mean BMIs of African Immigrants (Nigeria and Ghana) (p=0.013) but not in the waist circumferences (p\u3e0.05). High blood pressure prevalence in Ghanaian, Nigerian and Kenyan immigrants was 42.6 %, 36.8 %, and 25.8 % respectively. The prevalence of diabetes in Ghanaian, Nigeria and Kenyan immigrants was 18.8 %, 11.8 %, and 4.9 % respectively. Obesity prevalence in Nigerian, Kenyan and Ghanaian immigrants was 52.6 %, 45.8 %, and 31.1 % respectively. There were no statistically significant associations between the Years of Stay status and disease prevalence (p\u3e0.05). There were no statistically significant associations between the BMI status and the availability of sugared sweetened drinks in the household, fruit consumption frequency, or the physical activity of African immigrants. Conclusion: African immigrants appear to have a slightly lower prevalence of diabetes, but a higher prevalence of hypertension and obesity than the United States population. Acculturation did not play a strong role in determining the health trajectories of African immigrants. Grouping immigrants by their country of origin does provide another important dimension in understanding the variation in immigrant health as each group had significant differences in the prevalence of diseases

Thermodynamics and dynamics of supercooled water

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at [email protected]. Thank you.This thesis utilizes the methods of statistical physics and computer simulation to study the thermodynamic and dynamic behavior of liquid water at supercooled temperatures. The behavior of water deviates from that of a simple liquid in a number of remarkable ways, many of which become more apparent as the liquid is supercooled below its equilibrium freezing temperature. Yet, due to nucleation to the crystalline state, a large region of the phase diagram of the supercooled liquid remains unexplored. We make use of a simple model for liquid water to shed light on the behavior of real water in the experimentally inaccessible region. The model predicts a line of phase transitions in the pressure--temperature plane, between high- and low- density forms of liquid water, ending in a liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP). Such a LLCP provides a thermodynamic origin for one of liquid water's anomalies--the rapid rise, and extrapolated divergence, of thermodynamic response functions upon cooling. We find one such response function, the isobaric specific heat, CP, displays two distinct maxima as a function of temperature T in the supercooled region. One maximum is a consequence of the directional nature of hydrogen (H) bonding among molecules; the other is a consequence of the cooperative nature of H bonding. With pressurization, these two maxima move closer in T, finally coinciding at the LLCP. This suggests that measurement of CP far from any LLCP could provide evidence for the existence of water's LLCP. Recent experiments find that the T-dependence of the characteristic time for H bond rearrangement displays three distinct regimes. Our observed behavior of CP, combined with Adam-Gibbs theory, allows for a thermodynamic interpretation of this feature of water's dynamics. The dynamics of the model are also measured directly by a Monte Carlo procedure, and are found in agreement with experiment. Further, the model allows the directional and cooperative components of the H bond interaction to be varied independently. By varying only these two energy scales, the low-T phase diagram changes dramatically, exhibiting one of several previously proposed thermodynamic scenarios. Our results link each of these scenarios, by recognizing the energetics of the H bond as the underlying physical mechanism responsible for each

Wilma D. S. to Dr. Silver, 5 October 1957

Professional correspondenc

Civil Rights—Public Accommodations—Recreational Facility Held a Covered Establishment Under 1964 Act

Daniel v. Paul, 395 U.S. 298 (1969)

Identification of a Debris Cloud from the Nuclear Powered SNAPSHOT Satellite with Haystack Radar Measurements

Data from the MIT Lincoln Laboratory (MIT/LL) Long Range Imaging Radar (known as the Haystack radar) have been used in the past to examine families of objects from individual satellite breakups or families of orbiting objects that can be isolated in altitude and inclination. This is possible because for some time after a breakup, the debris cloud of particles can remain grouped together in similar orbit planes. This cloud will be visible to the radar, in fixed staring mode, for a short time twice each day, as the orbit plane moves through the field of view. There should be a unique three-dimensional pattern in observation time, range, and range rate which can identify the cloud. Eventually, through slightly differing precession rates of the right ascension of ascending node of the debris cloud, the observation time becomes distributed so that event identification becomes much more difficult. Analyses of the patterns in observation time, range, and range rate have identified good debris candidates released from the polar orbiting SNAPSHOT satellite (International Identifier: 1965-027A). For orbits near 90o inclination, there is essentially no precession of the orbit plane. The SNAPSHOT satellite is a well known nuclear powered satellite launched in 1965 to a near circular 1300 km orbit with an inclination of 90.3o. This satellite began releasing debris in 1979 with new pieces being discovered and cataloged over the years. 51 objects are still being tracked by the United States Space Surveillance Network. An analysis of the Haystack data has identified at least 60 pieces of debris separate from the 51 known tracked debris pieces, where all but 2 of the 60 pieces have a size less than 10cm. The altitude and inclination (derived from range-rate with a circular orbit assumption) are consistent with the SNAPSHOT satellite and its tracked debris cloud

Probing the evolution of Stark wave packets by a weak half cycle pulse

We probe the dynamic evolution of a Stark wave packet in cesium using weak half-cycle pulses (HCP's). The state-selective field ionization(SSFI) spectra taken as a function of HCP delay reveal wave packet dynamics such as Kepler beats, Stark revivals and fractional revivals. A quantum-mechanical simulation explains the results as multi-mode interference induced by the HCP.Comment: 4 pages, incl. 3 figures, submitted to PR