Morphological-developmental reaction and productivity of plants and canopy of semileafless pea (Pisum sativum L.) after seed vaccination with Rhizobium and foliar micronutrient fertilization

The determinants of semileafless peas (Pisum sativum> L., cv. Tarchalska) crop productivity were studied during two vegetative seasons: cool 2010 and warm 2011 in south part of Poland (Modzurów 50°09’N 18°07’E; 274 m. a.s.l.. Peas was treated either with seed vaccine (NitraginaTM) containing Rhizobium bacteria or foliar micronutrient fertilizer (PhotrelTM) or both of them. The range of peas response to treatments included biometrical measurements and also the measurements of vegetation indices namely, green area index (GAI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), carried out in the specific stages of development, which for the compared objects were generally insignifi cant. In the warmer growing season, pea plants grew better, what resulted in a very high yield of seeds per plant, determined by a greater number of large seeds. It was shown that the length and weight of pea pod and the number of seeds formed in the pod depends on its position on the particular node. The longest pods, characterized by the greatest weight and number of seeds, developed on the lower nodes: 1st and 2nd one. The pea pods forming on higher nodes, from the 3rd, had reduced number of fruits and the weight of a single seed. The shortest pods were growing out of the 5th and 6th nodes, at the top of the stem. Analysis of the single pea seed mass shows a highly significant effect of its position in the fruit on pod productivity. Seeds located in the central part of the pod had the greatest mass, and this accuracy, as highly significant, was found for the pods containing from 3 to 8 seeds. The tested agrochemical treatments did not differentiate the chemical composition of seeds

Some mechanical and magnetic properties of cold rolled X5CrNi 18-8 stainless steel

Purpose: The paper analyzes the influence of the degree of cold deformation on the structure forming and changes of mechanical and magnetic properties of cold-rolled sheet on austenitic X5CrNi18-8 stainless steel. Design/methodology/approach: The investigations included observations of the structure on a light microscope, researches of mechanical properties in a static tensile test, microhardness measurements made by Vickers’s method and magnetic behaviors determine by used normalized non-destructive testing methods (NDT). The analysis of the phase composition was carried out on the basis of X-ray researches. In the qualitative X-ray analysis the comparative method was applied. Whereas X-ray quantitative phase analysis was carried out by the Averbach Cohen method. Research limitations/implications: The X-ray phase analysis in particular permitted to disclose and identify the main phases on the structure of the investigated steel after its deformation within the range 10%-70%. Moreover results of the X-ray quantitative analysis allowed to determine the proportional part of martensite phases α` in the structure of investigated steel in the examined range of cold plastic deformation. Practical implications: The analysis of the obtained results permits to state that the degree of deformation has a significant influence on the structure, mechanical and magnetic properties of the investigated steel. Besides, it was found that the plastic deformation in cold rolling process of metastable austenitic steel type X5CrNi18-8 induces in its structure a phase transformation paramagnetic austenite into ferromagnetic martensite. Originality/value: plastic deformation in cold rolling process in the austenitic X5CrNi18-8 stainless steel a good correlation was found between changes of the structure and the effects of investigations of the mechanical properties, connected with martensitic α’ phases forming. Existing this relation is of essential practical importance for the technology of sheet-metal rolling of austenitic steel

The effect of (y->a') phase transformation on microstructure and properties of austenitic Cr-Ni steels

The paper presents the results of the investigations concerning the effect of (γ→α’) phase transformation on microstructure, magnetic and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel grade X5CrNi18-10. Design/methodology/approach: Light microscope examinations, microhardness measurements and static tensile tests were performed in order to reveal microstructure and changes in mechanical properties. The magnetic properties: relative magnetic permeability μ (Maxwell-Wien bridge) and coercive force Hc (permalloy probe) were measured at room temperature. The analysis of the phase composition was carried out on the basis of X-ray investigations. In the qualitative X-ray analysis the comparative method was applied. Findings: : It was found that the plastic deformation in cold rolling within the range 10-70% of investigated austenitic Cr-Ni steel induced in its structure a phase transformation of paramagnetic austenite into ferromagnetic martensite. Research limitations/implications: The results of the X-ray quantitative analysis allowed to determine the proportional part of martensite phases α` in the structure of investigated steel in the examined range of cold plastic deformation. Practical implications: A wide range of practical applications of austenitic X5CrNi18-10 steel sheets is warranted by both their high corrosion resistance and high plastic properties, especially in the supersaturated state. Besides, a strong correlation was found between the magnetic properties and the (γ→ α’) phase transformation. Originality/value: In the course of deformation, the volume fraction of martensite increased at the expense of the amount of austenite resulting in the hardening of the material. In general, a gradual increase of the yield strength results from the strain hardening of the austenite structure and formation of strain-induced martensite

Structure and magnetic properties of the amorphous Co80Si9B11 alloy

Purpose: The main aim of the paper was to study the influence of heat treatment on changes of structure and magnetic properties of the amorphous Co80Si9B11 alloy.Design/methodology/approach: The following experimental techniques were used: X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity in situ measurements (four-point probe), static and dynamic measurements of magnetic properties (magnetic balance, fluxmeter, Maxwell-Wien bridge).Findings: The crystallization process involved by heat treatment leads to significant changes of phase composition and magnetic properties of amorphous Co80Si9B11 alloy. The activation energy of this process was determined by Kissinger method, which yields Ec=3.0±0.2 eV.Practical implications: According to the results presented in the present paper the examined Co80Si9B11 alloy as a soft ferromagnetic material with high permeability may be utilized in construction of more inductive components and is of great technological interest

Crystallization kinetics of an amorphous Co77Si11.5B11.5 alloy

Purpose: This paper describes crystallization kinetics and changes magnetic properties involved by process of crystallization Co-Si-B amorphous alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The following experimental techniques were used: X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity in situ measurements (four-point probe) static and dynamic measurements of magnetic properties (magnetic balance, fluxmeter, Maxwell-Wien bridge). Findings: In this work has been performed influence of thermal annealing on crystallization kinetics and magnetic properties amorphous Co77Si11.5B11.5 alloy. Practical implications: The attractive properties of Co-Si-B alloy are of special interest for basic research on the materials as well as for their potential applications, like magnetic sensors. The Co soft magnetic material is used in noise filters, saturable reactors, miniature inductance elements for abating spike noise, mains transformers, choke coils, zero-phase current transformers, and magnetic heads etc., i.e., devices which are expected to exhibit high levels of permeability at high frequencies. Originality/value: It has been shown that thermal annealing at temperature close to the crystallization temperature leads to a significant increase of the initial magnetic permeability

Crystallization of amorphous Co77Si11.5B11.5 alloy

Purpose: The investigation results of crystallization of amorphous Co77Si11.5B11.5 alloy in tape form, obtained by melt spinning method during annealing in temperature range 373-873 K with step of 50 K in time 1 h, have been presented in the paper. Design/methodology/approach: The following experimental techniques were used: X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity in situ measurements (four-point probe) static and dynamic measurements of magnetic properties (magnetic balance, fluxmeter, Maxwell-Wien bridge). Findings: The changes of magnetic properties connected with the structure changes involved by crystallization process have been investigated of amorphous Co77Si11.5B11.5 alloy. Practical implications: Amorphous magnetic materials have been around for some time and their applications can be found in many types of industrial products. They include transformers, motors, and a wide variety of magnetic components in sensors, power electronics, electrical energy control/management systems, telecommunication equipment and pulse power devices. Originality/value: It has been stated that heat treatment leads to crystallization leads to a significant increase of the initial magnetic permeability

Investigations of crystallization behaviour of Co80Si9B11 amorphous alloy

Purpose: This paper describes crystallization kinetics and changes of magnetic properties involved by process of crystallization of the amorphous Co80Si9B11 alloy. Design/methodology/approach: The following experimental techniques were used: X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity in situ measurements (four-point probe), static and dynamic measurements of magnetic properties (magnetic balance, fluxmeter, Maxwell-Wien bridge). Findings: In this work has been performed influence of thermal annealing on crystallization kinetics and magnetic properties amorphous Co80Si9B11 alloy. Practical implications: The attractive properties of Co-Si-B alloy are of special interest for basic research on the materials as well as for their potential applications, like magnetic sensors. The Co soft magnetic material is used in noise filters, saturable reactors, miniature inductance elements for abating spike noise, mains transformers, choke coils, zero-phase current transformers, and magnetic heads etc., i.e., devices which are expected to exhibit high levels of permeability at high frequencies. Originality/value: It has been shown that thermal annealing at temperature close to the crystallization temperature leads to a significant increase of the initial magnetic permeability. The maximum permeability for examined alloy in as quenched state is about 11300

Markovian MC simulation of QCD evolution at NLO level with minimum k_T

We present two Monte Carlo algorithms of the Markovian type which solve the modified QCD evolution equations at the NLO level. The modifications with respect to the standard DGLAP evolution concern the argument of the strong coupling constant alpha_S. We analyze the z - dependent argument and then the k_T - dependent one. The evolution time variable is identified with the rapidity. The two algorithms are tested to the 0.05% precision level. We find that the NLO corrections in the evolution of parton momentum distributions with k_T - dependent coupling constant are of the order of 10 to 20%, and in a small x region even up to 30%, with respect to the LO contributions.Comment: 32 pages, 9 pdf figure