Јазик Словенски во старословенските текстови (IX – XIV век)

The aim of this article is to proceed the term ѩнзыкъ словѣньскый (in both meanings: Slavic people and Slavic language) within the frame of Slavic sources during the period of Middle Ages. It is a common impression that until the end of XIII century, , the term “Slavs” meant one people with one language, living in different states, but starting from XIV century,a new tendency can be noticed. Namely the Old-Slavic language been called with the names of states in which it was used: Russian, Bulgarian, Serbian and etc. This new names were used like synonyms of the Slavic language, which was still understood as one; actually there was no idea of existence of separate Slavic languages. There is some changes by the late Middle Ages, when the idea of existing of more than one Slavic peoples appeared

INTERPRETATION OF THE ETHNOGENESIS IN THE WORKS OF THE MACEDONIAN MEDIEVALISTS IN THE 70S AND 80S OF THE LAST CENTURY

Interpretation of the ethnogenesis in the works of the Macedonian Medievalists In the 70s and 80s of the last centur

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPTIONS OF ETHNOGENESIS IN THE PEROD 1949-1970

The Development of the Conceptions of Ethnogenesis in the perod 1949-1970                                      &nbsp

Фикцијата на објективните критериуми против правото на самоопределување: примерот на македонското малцинство во Бугарија

This article deals with the issue of suspending the right of self-determination and denial of minorities and ethnicities in some modern states dominated by ethno-national ideology. By leveraging the absence of generally accepted international definition of national minority and manipulation of "objective criteria" minorities are discriminated, actually in the name of defense of national myths. States seek to preserve for themselves the right to decide on the identity of the man using lack of definition and insisting on objective criteria. Such an approach reduces the self-determination of the person, to the possibility only to accept or reject the governmental decision even at the risk of being accused of disloyalty. The main generator of the problem occurs ethno-national definition of state, in which identity and loyalty become the same. Respecting the will of the person, and leaving the ethno-national definition of state have been seen as a possible solution. Keywords: right to self-determination, national minority identity, ethnicity, objective criteria, ethno nationalism, Macedonian minority, Macedonian language, history, Bulgaria

A Contribution towards the Ideology of MRO in 1897/1898: Two English Documents from January 1898

The article re/publishes and provides commentary upon two documents from a British Foreign Offices and a related public proclamation in the newspaper “Political freedom”, containing important information related to the early ideas of the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. The documents, that I presented, on this occasion, in original (in English) and in translation in Macedonian, contain information about a Manifestо of the “Secret Macedonian Revolutionary Committee”. In this article I focus my discussion on the questions of authorships and ideas of the Manifesto and their connection with Macedonian revolutionary organization (MRO). Placing them in the wider context, I provide argument in favor of a conclusion that this Manifesto is published by one of the numerous satellite “Secret Revolutionary committees” created by MRO in the period 1896 – 1898 in Bulgaria, and thus it reflects strongly upon the ideas of the Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. Keywords: Manifesto, Secret satellite committees, Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

IDEAS ABOUT THE ETHNOGENESIS OF THE MACEDONIAN PEOPLE BEFORE 1944

This paper analyzes the key texts written by Macedonians, appearing in the period before 1944, that treat and argue upon the idea of a Macedonian nation, its appearance and development from an ethno-national position. In other words, it elaborates upon the idea of the ethnogenesis of the Macedonian people and nation. The paper analyzes the context and conditions in which this idea and the related concepts were developed and presented, emphasizing the absence of external support, domestic and supportive national institutions and the conditions of aggressive expansionism of the neighboring nationalisms. The authors focus their attention no particular texts, such as: the essay on the Macedonian question, written by Slavejkov, Pulevski's History, Misirkov's 'On Macedonian Affairs', and two texts written by Vasil Ivanovski. The fate and fortunes of these works: being unpublished, attempts to be destroyed, written in prison or published in distant foreign countries are analyzed as symptoms, which are indicating the conditions of the development of the Macedonian nation in the century before the creation of the Macedonian state.    Keywords: Macedonian nation, conditions, ethnogenesis,  lack of support and institutions, neighboring nationalisms

SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE IN THE NATIONAL SELF-IDENTIFICATION OF MACEDONIANS IN BULGARIA

Through the prism of “subjective” and “objective” criteria, this paper analyses the theoretical and practical problems associated with the self-identification of the Macedonians and the non-recognition of the Macedonian minority by the Bulgarian state. Realization of the fundamental natural subjective human right to independent and free national self-identification is extremely difficult in the absence of objective conditions, such as state guarantees aimed at the development of specific national minorities. The Bulgarian state not only does not provide any guarantees for the development of the Macedonian minority, but for many decades has denied the very fact of its existence in Bulgaria, which is consistently implemented in the lawmaking and enforcement activities of this state.  In result Macedonians cannot even register their own NGOs, which led to numerous decisions of ECHR against Bulgaria.The authors of the paper critically assess the Bulgarian state national ideology and politics, devoid of any signs of tolerance and not based on real, internationally recognized objective facts confirming the centuries-old existence of the Macedonian minority, the Macedonian language and culture on the territory of modern Bulgaria. In addition, the official state myths that the citizens of Bulgaria who identify themselves with the Macedonian national minority are enemies of theBulgarian people and the state, oppose against the unity of the Bulgarian nation, have no objective basis. The importance of international legal protection for the restoration of historical justice for the Macedonian minority and for the protection of its rights is emphasized. However, the authors regretfully note its insufficient effectiveness (in particular, none of the 14 decisions of the ECHR in favor of the Macedonian minority by Bulgaria has been implemented), and also formulate proposals aimed at increasing the effectiveness of international legal protection of the rights of the Macedonian minority in Bulgaria as an important objective condition for changing the Bulgarian national policy.&nbsp

ORGANIZATION OF ILLEGAL SANITATION SERVICE IN MACEDONIA DURING THE WWII

The partisan forces in Macedonia as a basic form of organization of the people’s liberation war in 1941 were the first which point to the need of sanitation service, therefore, with the forming of the partisan forces the sanitation service was as well organized. As a basic shape of the illegal sanitation service the institution health squad was used. They were formed by the local war headquarters in coordination with the local party organizations.     Key words: PLW, Macedonia, sanitation service, hospital

FEW DILEMMAS RELATED TO THE ALLEGED BULGARIAN PLANS FOR INCURSION IN 'SCLAVINIA BERZITIA'

This article analyzes three key dilemmas related to 'sclavinia Berzitia' in the context of the events of 773/774: the reasons behind the Bulgarian campaign; the motives of Constantine Kopronimus to prevent it; and the relationship between Berzitia and the Byzantine Empire (an independent, allied, friendly, dependent or subordinate sclavinia?) The events are reassessed in the wider context of the continuing confrontations between Byzantium and the Bulgars (756 - 775), and in particular the departure of 208 000 Slavs from the Bulgar-dependent territory in 763. The main thesis elaborated in the essay is that in the considered historical period 'sclavinia Berzitia' was independent from the Byzantine Empire and that its independency was the motive to be chosen for resettlement of its population in Bulgaria. Consequently, authors suggest that Constantine V's motive was not to protect Berzitia, but to prevent the attempt by khan Telerig to regenerate the power of the weakened khanat by settling new population at the place of the Slavs that left in 763.   Key words: Berzitia, emperor Konstantine Kopronimus, khan Telerig, Byzantium, Bulgar khanat, sclavinia, Slavs, resettlement of the population

The influence of p02, BE, BB parameters of perinatally obtained cord blood on quantity of obtained cells and focus on the perfect donor criteria

The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of oxygene partial pressure (p02), base excess (BE) and buffer base (BB) parameters of cord blood obtained perinatally on quantity of obtained cells and focus on the perfect donor criteria. The study included 50 pregnant women aged between 18 and 38 years in which spontaneous labors and elective cesarean sections were performed. Umbilical cord blood was collected immediately after the women were delivered of newborns. The cells were analyzed in the Polish Stem Cells Bank in Warsaw. In the study group of patients different stem cells viability levels did not differ significantly in terms of pO2, BB and BE level, however, there was a trend that the higher the viability the lower BE value. The experiment showed also that the cord blood (CB) oxygenation scope is vitally important for the CB cells viability