Building Along the Railroad: Towns and Tourism in Michigan’s Eastern Upper Peninsula

The state of Michigan is not solely the lower portion or in other words the “mitten.” It is a combination of the lower and upper peninsula. The Upper Peninsula of Michigan (abbreviated the “UP”) is the upper portion of Michigan that is surrounded on three sides by three different Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, and Lake Huron. It connects to the Lower Peninsula of Michigan by the Mackinac Bridge which crosses five miles across the Straits of Mackinac. The counties of the Eastern Upper Peninsula are Alger, Chippewa, Luce, Mackinac, and Schoolcraft. They are marked by large stretches of flat forests containing marshes and swamps. Without keen access and known waterways, the interior forests of the Eastern Upper Peninsula were too costly to reach. Transportation in Michigan has taken many forms and routes over the years (Scott, 2005). However, it wasn’t until their were sophisticated railroads constructed that the rich forests in the EUP could be harvested (Karamanski, 1989). The organization of the Detroit, Mackinaw and Marquette Railroad (later the DSS&A) was undoubtedly the most significant factor responsible for the construction of towns in the Eastern Upper Peninsula. Once transportation was established, logging was initially vital to the local economy and then eventually tourism (Karamanski, 1989)

Urban vulnerabilities

Stoetzer, Bettina. "Urban vulnerabilities." Social Anthropology 28, 2 (May 2020): 360-361 © 2020 The Autho

Forms and regional distribution of knowledge transfer by German universities

For the first time the transfer activities of two different German university types - the Friedrich Schiller University (FSU) and the University of Applied Sciences Jena (FH Jena) - were documented in parallel over all departments and channels of technology transfers with regard to their regional significance. Five groups of transfer activities are distinguished in the study: (1) those oriented on human capital, (2) those oriented on classic research and development, (3) those oriented on enterprises, (4) those oriented on direct transfers and (5) informal knowledge transfer channels. The results show that the traditional R&D-activities of the universities for the region are embedded into important supplemental transfer channels. In addition the radii of the external relations of the two universities are complementary: FH Jena has a stronger regional bearing, while FSU is more strongly active supra-regionally and internationally. It is possible that stronger support of the university faculty's activities establishing knowledge transfer could increase the regional economic impact of such activity. --innovation systems,technology transfer,regional development,Universities,know-how-transfer

Spatial localization of knowledge-transfer channels and face-to-face contacts: A survey of the Jena university-industry linkages

In this paper we examine the knowledge-Transfer Channels of the universities and public research institutes in Jena. The empirical study is based on a survey of 297 personal interviews with researchers of both types of organisations. Our study focuses on three questions: (a) The importance and multitude of existing transfer channels, (b) their geographic distribution and (c) the importance of face-to-face contacts. With regard to the first question the analysis reveals some shortcomings of the usual channels considered in many empirical studies. Above all, informal transfer channels play an important role and in addition the multitude of transfer channels at hand turns out to be large. These outcomes suggest a very cautious interpretation of the claimed influences of transfer mechanisms like patents, joint publications and so on. As to the regional distribution of the linkages our results confirm the relevance of geographical proximity. A substantial part of the relevant transfer co-operations concentrate on the city and region. Finally, we examine the idea that 'distance matters' is due to the necessity of face-to-face contacts. By means of asking the researchers directly we found the puzzling result, that knowledge-transfer rests significantly upon personal contacts, but that this does not imply a bias towards geographical proximity. --

Whose dimension is it anyway? Elite ideology and the exposed partisan public in the U.S.

A multitude of political science research assumes that the same ideological dimension guides the interaction between citizens and elites. Public opinion research has repeatedly underlined that this assumption is unlikely to apply to the entire public. In this article, I test the expectation that the interplay between exposure to public debate information and partisan identities makes citizens align their preferences with the elite ideological dimension. I develop a joint scaling model for citizens’ and legislators' preferences that allows for heteroscedastic deviations of citizens’ policy preferences from the elite model. Applications to the Cooperative Congressional Election Study of 2008–2012 and the Senator Representation Study show that elite ideology can be a more reliable constraint on political preferences for exposed partisans, compared to unexposed non-partisans. The findings have implications for studies of party strategies, representation and political behavior that build on the assumption of shared ideological dimensions.Peer Reviewe

The Juvenile Court and Emotional Neglect of Children

A primary function of the Juvenile Court is to assist in the protection of children from abuse and neglect. Juvenile court acts, child abuse reporting statutes, and child protective services legislation have incorporated provisions dealing with physical abuse and physical neglect of children. Such legislation enables state intervention into family life for the protection of children exposed to harmful environments. Statutory definitions of abuse and neglect provide a basis on which the community, frequently through the juvenile court, may pass judgment on the existence of child neglect and offer services or coerce family members to accept them. A few states, including Michigan, have expanded juvenile court jurisdiction beyond the traditional notions of physical neglect to encompass what has come to be known as emotional neglect, a concept beginning to appear more frequently in child abuse reporting laws as well. As will be suggested herein, standards for state intervention into situations of emotional neglect can and should be established to enable such intervention to be at least as effective as it is in cases of physical neglect

TAXATION - FEDERAL INCOME TAX - NON-EXEMPTION OF COMPENSATION OF STATE EMPLOYEES DERIVED FROM FUNDS OF LIQUIDATED CORPORATIONS

The Commissioner of Internal Revenue assessed employees of a state or an instrumentality thereof for federal income tax, their compensation having been paid from funds of banks and insurance companies in the liquidation of which they were engaged. Held, that the tax was properly assessed against the taxpayers so engaged because (1) the compensation was paid out of assets of private corporations and (2) the business in which they were employed for the state was not in the discharge of essential governmental duties. Helvering v. Therrell, (U.S. 1938) 58 S. Ct. 539

BILLS AND NOTES - LIABILITY OF IRREGULAR lNDORSER OF CHOSE IN ACTION

Trustee bank, for the purpose of refinancing a mortgage on trust property, executed a trust deed and instrument, designated as the principal note, which disclaimed personal liability of trustee and beneficiaries, expressly providing that the sole remedy upon default of payment of note or interest installment should be by foreclosure of the trust deed. Before delivery, the beneficiaries of the trust indorsed the note though not parties thereto. Upon default the holder brought this action against one of the beneficiaries on his anomalous indorsement. Held, (1) that the note was a mere chose in action; (2) that an irregular indorser thereof was not liable ipso facto on such an indorsement; and (3) that extrinsic evidence of contract of guaranty or other relationship would be admissible to establish such liability. Stewart v. McIntosh, 291 Ill. App. 65, 9 N. E. (2d) 427 (1937)

CORPORATIONS - INTERPRETATION OF THE PUBLIC OFFERING EXEMPTION OF THE FEDERAL SECURITIES ACT AND STATE BLUE-SKY LAWS

Section 5 of the Federal Securities Act of 1933, as amended, declares that it shall be unlawful to use any means of transportation or communication in interstate commerce or of the mails to dispose of securities or transmit a prospectus thereon unless a registration statement as required by the act is in effect and unless the prospectus meets the statutory requirements. However, certain securities and transactions are expressly exempted from application of the act. Among the exemptions set out in section 4 are those transactions by an issuer not involving any public offering