Multi-bit MRAM storage cells utilizing serially connected perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions

Serial connection of multiple memory cells using perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (pMTJ) is proposed as a way to increase magnetic random access memory (MRAM) storage density. Multi-bit storage element is designed using pMTJs fabricated on a single wafer stack, with a serial connections realized using top-to-bottom vias. Tunneling magnetoreistance effect above 130%, current induced magnetization switching in zero external magnetic field and stability diagram analysis of single, two-bit and three-bit cells are presented together with thermal stability. The proposed design is easy to manufacture and can lead to increase capacity of future MRAM devices

Spin transfer torque oscillator based on asymmetric magnetic tunnel junctions

We present a study of the spin transfer torque oscillator based on CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB asymmetric magnetic tunnel junctions. We observe microwave precession in junctions with different thickness of the free magnetization layer. Taking advantage of the ferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling between the free and reference layer in the MTJ and perpendicular interface anisotropy in thin CoFeB electrode we demonstrate the nanometer scale device that can generate high frequency signal without external magnetic field applied. The amplitude of the oscillation exceeds 10 nV/Hz^0.5 at 1.5 GHz.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to be submitted to Applied Physics Letter

Regarding how the present historians get involved in the debate on the politicization of the contemporary history, we can observe a superannuation of two models of historian: as a „cool scientist” and an „upholder of national values”. Apparently we could postulate in this moment the model of a historian as “a translator and mediator” between cultures, recognizing their “grammars”, and his obligation to create the common social capital. Nevertheless the scientifi c refl ection upon the politiciza

Regarding how the present historians get involved in the debate on the politicization of the contemporary history, we can observe a superannuation of two models of historian: as a „cool scientist” and an „upholder of national values”. Apparently we could postulate in this moment the model of a historian as “a translator and mediator” between cultures, recognizing their “grammars”, and his obligation to create the common social capital. Nevertheless the scientifi c refl ection upon the politicization of history and the methodology of contemporary historiography is the matt er in dispute. Th erefore Pomorski’s suggestion of the more complex cognitive approach in the historiographical research (and historical discourse) should be taken into consideration.Regarding how the present historians get involved in the debate on the politicization of the contemporary history, we can observe a superannuation of two models of historian: as a „cool scientist” and an „upholder of national values”. Apparently we could postulate in this moment the model of a historian as “a translator and mediator” between cultures, recognizing their “grammars”, and his obligation to create the common social capital. Nevertheless the scientifi c refl ection upon the politicization of history and the methodology of contemporary historiography is the matt er in dispute. Th erefore Pomorski’s suggestion of the more complex cognitive approach in the historiographical research (and historical discourse) should be taken into consideration