STABILIZACJA MAKROEKONOMICZNA NA BIAŁORUSI W LATACH 2005-2014

The economic policy of modern countries pays particular attention to the issue of macroeconomic stability which ensure sustainable growth and competitiveness. The article focuses on the situation in Belarusian economy from 2005 to 2014 in the context of macroeconomic stability. For research purposes, the author uses the method of the macroeconomic stability pentagon.The economic policy of modern countries pays particular attention to the issue of macroeconomic stability which ensure sustainable growth and competitiveness. The article focuses on the situation in Belarusian economy from 2005 to 2014 in the context of macroeconomic stability. For research purposes, the author uses the method of the macroeconomic stability pentagon

SYTUACJA SPOŁECZNO-POLITYCZNA ROMANOWÓW PO REWOLUCJI BOLSZEWICKIEJ

The main subject of article is sociopolitical situation of Romanovs after the Bolshevik Revolution. The first part is a description of final years of the rule and relations inside the dynasty. The second reverence of the text focus on the problems of White Emigrations and the difficult economic situations of members which survived revolution. The next part tells about organization of the Union of Mladorossi and attempts politicizing the situation of the Romanovs in Europe. The ending is historical reflection. Its aim is to present the political position of the Romanovs in the 21st century and real chances return to Russia.The main subject of article is sociopolitical situation of Romanovs after the Bolshevik Revolution. The first part is a description of final years of the rule and relations inside the dynasty. The second reverence of the text focus on the problems of White Emigrations and the difficult economic situations of members which survived revolution. The next part tells about organization of the Union of Mladorossi and attempts politicizing the situation of the Romanovs in Europe. The ending is historical reflection. Its aim is to present the political position of the Romanovs in the 21st century and real chances return to Russia

,,DLA JEDI CZAS NASTAŁ TAKŻE, BY JEŚĆ”. SCENY UCZTY W SADZE GWIEZDNE WOJNY

Feast scenes from the main Star Wars episodes play an important role the creation of theplot and characters. In the paper I divide them into three types. In the first part I discuss the scenes in which a feast or a meal is a pretext for the dialogues revealing the characters’ past (the conversation between Luke and his uncle) or predict their future (little Anakin and Qui-Gon during the dinner; Anakin and Padmé’s conversation predicting their fall). In the second part I present eating scenes through the authors create or underline the characteristic features of the protagonists (comism of Jar Jar Binks and Chewbacca; Jabba’s gluttony; dehumanization of the black characters by the fact that they lack any contact with food) or build their social status (Rey’s scavenger meal; feasts at tha palaces of Jabba and Amidala; Jedi master’s ascetic meal on Dagobah; clones’ canteen). To analyse the scenes I use theories developed by food anthropologists (Mary Douglas, Claude Levi-Strauss, and Katarzyna Łeńska-Bąk) and make references to classical mythology and the Bible. In the last part I raise questions about consumer’s the identity of the character who eats juxtaposing devouring and eating scenes (why are Eworks considered humanoids whereas Wampa and Rancor are considered monsters since they all eat human flesh?).  Feast scenes from the main Star Wars episodes play an important role the creation of the plot and characters. In the paper I divide them into three types. In the first part I discuss the scenes in which a feast or a meal is a pretext for the dialogues revealing the characters’ past (the conversation between Luke and his uncle) or predict their future (little Anakin and Qui-Gon during the dinner; Anakin and Padmé’s conversation predicting their fall). In the second part I present eating scenes through the authors create or underline the characteristic features of the protagonists (comism of Jar Jar Binks and Chewbacca; Jabba’s gluttony; dehumanization of the black characters by the fact that they lack any contact with food) or build their social status (Rey’s scavenger meal; feasts at tha palaces of Jabba and Amidala; Jedi master’s ascetic meal on Dagobah; clones’ canteen). To analyse the scenes I use theories developed by food anthropologists (Mary Douglas, Claude Levi-Strauss, and Katarzyna Łeńska-Bąk) and make references to classical mythology and the Bible. In the last part I raise questions about consumer’s the identity of the character who eats juxtaposing devouring and eating scenes (why are Eworks considered humanoids whereas Wampa and Rancor are considered monsters since they all eat human flesh?)

17 WRZEŚNIA 1939 ROKU NA KRESACH WSCHODNICH W PROPAGANDZIE RADZIECKIEJ ORAZ WE WSPÓŁCZESNYM SPOJRZENIU POLAKÓW I BIAŁORUSINÓW

On September 17, 1939, on the strength of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact established on August 23, 1939, Soviet troops carried out armed aggression on the Second Polish Republic without official declaration of war. As a result – Polish territories were divided between Germany and the USSR: the eastern territories of the country were influenced by the Kremlin and part of the eastern territories of the Second Polish Republic was incorporated into the Belorusian Soviet Socialist Republic. All war and aggressive activities required not only a deliberate military plan, but also the preparation of an appropriate propaganda ground: propaganda was a tool for creating the necessary background among the masses of the population and on the international arena. Propaganda was used by both the Polish and the Soviet sides: before, during and after the war. Before the war, Poles focused more on Nazi Germans, although some circles of the intelligentsia showed great interest in Soviet Russia. As for current awareness and official interpretation in relation to the events of September 17, 1939, they are considered an act of aggression. Propaganda has always been a strong weapon in the hands of the Soviets. Using this tool, they tried to create a ground and “justify” the aggression against Poland, a myth about the necessity of freeing the oppressed Ukrainians and Belarusians was invented, repeated until the collapse of the USSR. Currently, it is still possible to observe suchan interpretation in Belarus, although the situation is slowly changing, aiming at the recognition of historical truth.On September 17, 1939, on the strength of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact established on August 23, 1939, Soviet troops carried out armed aggression on the Second Polish Republic without official declaration of war. As a result – Polish territories were divided between Germany and the USSR: the eastern territories of the country were influenced by the Kremlin and part of the eastern territories of the Second Polish Republic was incorporated into the Belorusian Soviet Socialist Republic. All war and aggressive activities required not only a deliberate military plan, but also the preparation of an appropriate propaganda ground: propaganda was a tool for creating the necessary background among the masses of the population and on the international arena. Propaganda was used by both the Polish and the Soviet sides: before, during and after the war. Before the war, Poles focused more on Nazi Germans, although some circles of the intelligentsia showed great interest in Soviet Russia. As for current awareness and official interpretation in relation to the events of September 17, 1939, they are considered an act of aggression. Propaganda has always been a strong weapon in the hands of the Soviets. Using this tool, they tried to create a ground and “justify” the aggression against Poland, a myth about the necessity of freeing the oppressed Ukrainians and Belarusians was invented, repeated until the collapse of the USSR. Currently, it is still possible to observe suchan interpretation in Belarus, although the situation is slowly changing, aiming at the recognition of historical truth

POLITYKA WŁADIMIRA PUTINA A KWESTIA ROSYJSKIEJ TOŻSAMOŚCI NARODOWEJ

The article deals with the issue of shaping the national identity in Russia after the collapse of the USSR. The author analyzes the significance of religious phenomena, and in particular Orthodox Christianity in the creation of new forms of collective identity.The article deals with the issue of shaping the national identity in Russia after the collapse of the USSR. The author analyzes the significance of religious phenomena, and in particular Orthodox Christianity in the creation of new forms of collective identity

PRZYŁĄCZENIE KRYMU PRZEZ ROSJĘ W ŚWIETLE PRAWA MIĘDZYNARODOWEGO

The article describes the most important international law issues related to the annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Federation. The first part of the text concerns with the infringements of the international law made by Russia (infringement of the principle pacta sunt servanda, the principle of non intervention and the principle of the prohibition of aggression). The second, essential part of the text concerns the inadmissibility of self-determination of people in the case of the Crimea. Russian involvement in the Crimea results the illegality of self-determination in this case. It is also impossible because the case of Crimea does not meet the required conditions. This causes the inadmissibility of the secession of this territory.The article describes the most important international law issues related to the annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Federation. The first part of the text concerns with the infringements of the international law made by Russia (infringement of the principle pacta sunt servanda, the principle of non intervention and the principle of the prohibition of aggression). The second, essential part of the text concerns the inadmissibility of self-determination of people in the case of the Crimea. Russian involvement in the Crimea results the illegality of self-determination in this case. It is also impossible because the case of Crimea does not meet the required conditions. This causes the inadmissibility of the secession of this territory

DLACZEGO TAUNTAUNY MAJĄ DWIE PARY NOZDRZY? ADAPTACJE ORGANIZMÓW DO ŻYCIA W EKSTREMALNYCH ŚRODOWISKACH W UNIWERSUM SAGI GWIEZDNE WOJNY

Jedną z ważniejszych cech organizmów jest zdolność adaptacji do otaczającego środowiska. Celem artykułu jest porównanie adaptacji do zróżnicowanych warunków występujących na pustyni, w ekstremalnie zimnych regionach i w środowisku wodnym u organizmów zamieszkujących Ziemię oraz stworzeń wymyślonych na potrzeby sagi Gwiezdne wojny. Omówione zostaną niektóre charakterystyczne dla sagi gatunki: sarlacc, banty, eopi, tauntauny, wampy, morski zabójca opee (ang. opee sea killer), ryba colo claw (ang. colo claw fish), morski potwór sando (ang. sando aqua monster) i aiwha. Występujące u fikcyjnych stworzeń przystosowania do środowiska zostaną porównane z adaptacjami wykształconymi przez wykazujące podobieństwo gatunki zamieszkujące Ziemię. Mechanizm tych przystosowań zostanie wyjaśniony na podstawie aktualnej wiedzy biologicznej.Jedną z ważniejszych cech organizmów jest zdolność adaptacji do otaczającego środowiska. Celem artykułu jest porównanie adaptacji do zróżnicowanych warunków występujących na pustyni, w ekstremalnie zimnych regionach i w środowisku wodnym u organizmów zamieszkujących Ziemię oraz stworzeń wymyślonych na potrzeby sagi Gwiezdne wojny. Omówione zostaną niektóre charakterystyczne dla sagi gatunki: sarlacc, banty, eopi, tauntauny, wampy, morski zabójca opee (ang. opee sea killer), ryba colo claw (ang. colo claw fish), morski potwór sando (ang. sando aqua monster) i aiwha. Występujące u fikcyjnych stworzeń przystosowania do środowiska zostaną porównane z adaptacjami wykształconymi przez wykazujące podobieństwo gatunki zamieszkujące Ziemię. Mechanizm tych przystosowań zostanie wyjaśniony na podstawie aktualnej wiedzy biologicznej

CYBERTERRORYZM ,,KONIEM TROJAŃSKIM” W DOBIE GLOBALIZACJI

The aim of the article is the general characterization of cyberterrorism as a new and constantly evolving form of terrorism. The phenomenon was described in the context of globalization processes and the main definitions of terrorism were cited, followed by the specific factors determining cyberterrorism. The article was based on an analysis of source documents – legislation on terrorismprevention and cyberspace protection. Definitions review was performed. The results of earlier research related to the topic of work are quoted.It has been assessed that in the future the threat of cyber-attacks will be a challenge for states and international organizations. The development of modern technologies and the creation of computerized societies is a factor that provides new areas of action for terrorists. Potential targets of attacks are varied and difficult to protect. Preventive actions should be characterized by a comprehensive approach to the problem and systemic, long-term action in the international sphere.The aim of the article is the general characterization of cyberterrorism as a new and constantly evolving form of terrorism. The phenomenon was described in the context of globalization processes and the main definitions of terrorism were cited, followed by the specific factors determining cyberterrorism. The article was based on an analysis of source documents – legislation on terrorism prevention and cyberspace protection. Definitions review was performed. The results of earlier research related to the topic of work are quoted. It has been assessed that in the future the threat of cyber-attacks will be a challenge for states and international organizations. The development of modern technologies and the creation of computerized societies is a factor that provides new areas of action for terrorists. Potential targets of attacks are varied and difficult to protect. Preventive actions should be characterized by a comprehensive approach to the problem and systemic, long-term action in the international sphere