Situating Space: Using a Discipline-Focused Lens to Examine Spatial Thinking Skills

Spatial skills are an important component of success in STEM fields. A majority of what we know about spatial skills today is a result of over 100 years of research focused on understanding and identifying the kinds of skills that make up this skill set. Over the last two decades, the field has recognized that unlike the spatial skills measured by psychometric tests developed by psychology researchers, the spatial problems faced by STEM experts vary widely and are multifaceted. Thus, many psychological researchers have embraced an interdisciplinary approach to studying spatial thinking with the aim of understanding the nature of this skill set as it occurs within STEM disciplines. In a parallel effort, discipline-based education researchers specializing in STEM domains have focused much of their research on understanding how to bolster students’ skills in completing domain-specific spatial tasks. In this paper, we discuss four lessons learned from these two programs of research to enhance the field’s understanding of spatial thinking in STEM domains. We demonstrate each contribution by aligning findings from research on three distinct STEM disciplines, structural geology, surgery, and organic chemistry. Lastly, we discuss the potential implications of these contributions to STEM education

Situating space: using a discipline-focused lens to examine spatial thinking skills.

Spatial skills are an important component of success in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. A majority of what we know about spatial skills today is a result of more than 100 years of research focused on understanding and identifying the kinds of skills that make up this skill set. Over the last two decades, the field has recognized that, unlike the spatial skills measured by psychometric tests developed by psychology researchers, the spatial problems faced by STEM experts vary widely and are multifaceted. Thus, many psychological researchers have embraced an interdisciplinary approach to studying spatial thinking with the aim of understanding the nature of this skill set as it occurs within STEM disciplines. In a parallel effort, discipline-based education researchers specializing in STEM domains have focused much of their research on understanding how to bolster students' skills in completing domain-specific spatial tasks. In this paper, we discuss four lessons learned from these two programs of research to enhance the field's understanding of spatial thinking in STEM domains. We demonstrate each contribution by aligning findings from research on three distinct STEM disciplines: structural geology, surgery, and organic chemistry. Lastly, we discuss the potential implications of these contributions to STEM education

Identifying Representational Competence with Multi-Representational Displays

Increasingly, multi-representational educational technologies are being deployed in science classrooms to support science learning and the development of representational competence. Several studies have indicated that students experience significant challenges working with these multi-representational displays and prefer to use only one representation while problem solving. Here, we examine the use of one such display, a multi-representational molecular mechanics animation, by organic chemistry undergraduates in a problem-solving interview. Using both protocol analysis and eye fixation data, our analysis indicates that students rely mainly on two visual-spatial representations in the display and do not make use of two accompanying mathematical representations. Moreover, we explore how eye fixation data complement verbal protocols by providing information about how students allocate their attention to different locations of a multi-representational display with and without concurrent verbal utterances. Our analysis indicates that verbal protocols and eye movement data are highly correlated, suggesting that eye fixations and verbalizations reflect similar cognitive processes in such studies

Teaching and Learning With Three-Dimensional Representations

Computer-based visualizations play a profoundly important role in chemistry instruction. In this chapter, we review the role of visualization tools and possible ways in which they may influence thinking about chemistry. There are now several visualization systems available that allow students to manipulate important variables in obtain a solution to a scientific problem. We discuss the fundamental differences between these tools, and we emphasize the use of each within the context of constructivist curricula and pedagogies. We also consider the impact such tools may have on visuo-spatial thinking. We suggest that although visuo-spatial ability may be important in visualization use, its role has at times been overemphasized. We argue for a more nuanced, richer understanding of the many ways in which visuo-spatial reasoning is used in solving chemistry problems. This discussion leads to a set of design principles for the use of visualization tools in teaching chemistry. Finally, we present our work on the Kinemage Authorship Project, a program designed to assist students in understanding spatial structures in complex, biochemical molecules. The Kinemage Authorship Project allows students to construct their own molecular visualizations, and we discuss how this may lead to greater understanding of the spatial properties of molecules. This constructivist program embodies many of the design principles that we present earlier in the chapter

Exploring the value of drawing in learning and assessment

Drawing is increasingly recognized as a literacy of science. It is claimed that when learners draw they engage in ways that help them evaluate and transform their understanding, practice fundamental disciplinary practices and provides the basis for formative or summative assessment. This symposium draws together research on student drawing across different disciplines (e.g. Chemistry, Biology, and Anatomy) to explore the value that drawing can have in learning science and medicine. Importantly, the papers take a nuanced view of the value of drawing; attempting to avoid the sometimes overblown claims that accompany calls for particular approaches to education by addressing situations when drawing has been found to be ineffective as well as helpful. They will also focus on analysis of process data (e.g. drawings) to provide insight into when particular representational practices are helpful and how they must be executed and supported to gain these benefits

Exploring the value of drawing in learning and assessment

Drawing is increasingly recognized as a literacy of science. It is claimed that when learners draw they engage in ways that help them evaluate and transform their understanding, practice fundamental disciplinary practices and provides the basis for formative or summative assessment. This symposium draws together research on student drawing across different disciplines (e.g. Chemistry, Biology, and Anatomy) to explore the value that drawing can have in learning science and medicine. Importantly, the papers take a nuanced view of the value of drawing; attempting to avoid the sometimes overblown claims that accompany calls for particular approaches to education by addressing situations when drawing has been found to be ineffective as well as helpful. They will also focus on analysis of process data (e.g. drawings) to provide insight into when particular representational practices are helpful and how they must be executed and supported to gain these benefits