4,534 research outputs found
Revealing Carrier-Envelope Phase through Frequency Mixing and Interference in Frequency Resolved Optical Gating
We demonstrate that full temporal characterisation of few-cycle
electromagnetic pulses, including retrieval of the carrier envelope phase
(CEP), can be directly obtained from Frequency Resolved Optical Gating (FROG)
techniques in which the interference between non-linear frequency mixing
processes is resolved. We derive a framework for this scheme, defined Real
Domain-FROG (ReD-FROG), as applied to the cases of interference between sum and
difference frequency components and between fundamental and sum/difference
frequency components. A successful numerical demonstration of ReD-FROG as
applied to the case of a self-referenced measurement is provided. A
proof-of-principle experiment is performed in which the CEP of a single-cycle
THz pulse is accurately obtained and demonstrates the possibility for THz
detection beyond the bandwidth limitations of electro-optic sampling.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. To be submitted for publication in Optics
Express, January 201
Comments on the September 29, 2014 FSB Consultative Document, âCross-Border Recognition of Resolution Actionâ
This CIGI Paper No. 51 was released on December 3, 2014 by the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) as a response to the Financial Stability Boardâs (FSB) Consultative Document, âCross-Border Recognition of Resolution Action.â Principally authored by CIGI Senior Fellow Steven L. Schwarcz (who works with the think tankâs International Law Research Program), the Paper comments on the policy measures proposed by the FSB, an international body that monitors and makes recommendations about the global financial system, to address the cross-border legal uncertainties of troubled systemically important financial firms. In that context, the Paper explains why a statutory approach is more effective than a contractual approach at removing obstacles in cross-border resolutions of those firms, and thus a better method to achieve financial stability. The Paper also recommends that the FSB establish a working group on statutory mechanisms for the cross-border resolution of financial firms
Rethinking the Concept of Community
Traditionally, historians have preferred to rely on âcommon senseâ approaches to
the meaning of community, but such definitions, emphasizing the ideas of a shared
place and a static, self-contained entity, are simply inadequate for historical research
and writing. Three elements are fundamental to understanding the historical
significance of community: community as imagined reality, community as social
interaction, and community as a process. An interdisciplinary approach to this
question takes into consideration the thinking of social scientists and humanists on
the importance of space and networks in social life. The historical study of community,
one that embraces both cultural and spatial perspectives, has much to benefit
from and much to contribute to this ever-growing and evolving body of work. As
they have done with such concepts as âthe familyâ and âthe nationâ, historians
must make âcommunityâ a problem to be studied, discussed, and debated.Traditionnellement, les historiens ont prĂ©fĂ©rĂ© dĂ©finir la notion de communautĂ© par
le « bon sens », mais de telles dĂ©finitions, qui soulignent lâidĂ©e dâun lieu partagĂ©
et dâune entitĂ© statique autonome, sont tout simplement inadĂ©quates pour la recherche
et lâĂ©criture historiques. Notre comprĂ©hension de lâimportance historique de la
communauté repose sur trois éléments fondamentaux : la communauté comme une
réalité imaginée, la communauté comme une interaction sociale et la communauté
comme un processus. Une approche interdisciplinaire de cette question tient compte
de la pensĂ©e des spĂ©cialistes des sciences sociales et humaines quant Ă lâimportance
de lâespace et des rĂ©seaux dans la vie sociale. LâĂ©tude historique de la communautĂ©,
qui englobe tant les perspectives culturelles que spatiales, a beaucoup Ă
gagner de ces travaux sans cesse grandissants et toujours en Ă©volution et beaucoup
Ă y apporter. Comme ils lâont fait pour des concepts tels que « la famille » et « la
nation », les historiens doivent faire de « la communauté » un problÚme à étudier,
à discuter et à débattre
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