Introduction part 3 : Other invasive tree pathogens

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The Student Journal of Latin American Studies: Avenue for Student Research

Latin American Studie

Drivers of Forest Pathogen Invasions: The Roles of Global Trade and Climate Change

In the past 25 to 30 years, a marked increase has occurred in numbers of invasive alien pests and pathogens recorded, damaging agriculture, horticulture and forest environments. The reasons for this upsurge are clear: all involve human-driven factors, with, arguably, global trade as the most important component in the complex. Climate change is another major factor. Each plant transported through trade could carry cryptic pests or pathogens, which may be introduced into previously naïve environments and lead to major health issues on previously unaffected plants. Global trade in plants is a complex system, driven by a desire to use large plants in landscapes and demand for varied species for gardens. Examples of invasive alien pathogens causing wide-spread problems on a global scale currently include many Phytophthora species, Dothistroma needle blight of pines, and Xylella fastidiosa on a wide range of trees. A striking example recently was the spread of the Dutch elm disease pathogen, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, in North America and Western Europe. Many invasive pathogens cause problems in localized regions, including Ceratocystis platani, killing Platanus in some European countries. Other examples include the threat of pine wilt nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), damage to Cupressus in Mediterranean landscapes caused by Seiridium cardinale, dieback of sweet chestnut (Castanea) caused by the canker pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica, and many others. In addition to global trade, climate change appears to be exacerbating the problems, with major influences on establishment and spread of alien invasive species. Hope lies in the enormous genetic ‘power’ of plants: humans could establish selection and breeding programmes that will ultimately enable us to plant trees with greater tolerance of changing climate and pests and pathogens, whether native or invasive

Survival of Phytophthora cryptogea and Phytophthora cactorum in Commercial Potting Substrates for Eucalyptus globulus Plants

Funding Information: This work was financially supported by the European Union Horizon 2020 (H2020) Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Innovative Training Network PROTECTA H2020-MSCA-ITN-2017 call, under grant agreement number 766048. Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

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Reviews of Understanding Industrial Relations, Catching the Wave: Workplace Reform in Australia, Occupational Health and Safety: Best Manarement Practice, Health and Safety in New Zealand Workplaces, Labour And Emplovment Relations In New Zealand, Emplovment Law Bulletin: Recent Developments in Employment Law

Phytophthora cinnamomi and other fine root pathogens in north temperate pine forests

A number of fine root pathogens, including Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pythium ultimum var. ultimum, Pythium undulatum, Pythium violae, Fusarium sp., and two incompletely identified Verticillium species, were isolated from soils taken from under Scots pine trees at five sites in north Scotland, including semi-natural forests and plantations. At least two root pathogens were recovered from each forest. Morphological and molecular data supported the identification of Phytophthora cinnamomi from three of the sites investigated. Isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pythium ultimum var. ultimum and an incompletely identified Fusarium sp. caused growth reductions of Scots pine seedlings, as determined by dry weight; the most virulent species were Phytophthora cinnamomi and Fusarium sp. The most severe disease symptoms were caused by a mixed inoculum containing Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pythium ultimum var. ultimum and Fusarium sp., or by the Fusarium isolate alone. These nonspecific pathogens may persist on the roots of understorey and herbaceous plants in the pine forest

A smart sewer asset information model to enable an ‘Internet of Things’ for operational wastewater management

Real-time prediction of flooding is vital for the successful future operational management of the UK sewerage network. Recent advances in smart infrastructure and the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), presents an opportunity within the wastewater sector to harness and report in real-time sewer condition data for operation management. This study presents the design and development of a prototype Smart Sewer Asset Information Model (SSAIM) for an existing sewerage network. The SSAIM, developed using Industry Foundation Class version 4 (IFC4) an open neutral data format for BIM, incorporates distributed smart sensors to enable real-time monitoring and reporting of sewer asset performance. Results describe an approach for sensor data analysis to facilitate the real-time prediction of flooding

Severity of diplodia shoot blight (caused by diplodia sapinea) was greatest on pinus sylvestris and pinus nigra in a plantation containing five pine species

The authors thank the Ministry of Forestry for pro-viding the seedlings used in this research. Financial support was provided by SDÜ BAP 3826-YL1-13 and TÜBİTAK – TOVAG (Project No: 114O138).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Conceptual design proposal: HUGO global range/mobility transport aircraft

With the collapse of the former Soviet Union and the emergence of the United Nations actively pursuing a peace keeping role in world affairs, the United States has been forced into a position as the world's leading peace enforcer. It is still a very dangerous world with seemingly never ending ideological, territorial, and economic disputes requiring the U.S. to maintain a credible deterrent posture in this uncertain environment. This has created an urgent need to rapidly transport large numbers of troops and equipment from the continental United States (CONUS) to any potential world trouble spot by means of a global range/mobility transport aircraft. The most recent examples being Operation Desert Shield/Storm and Operation Restore Hope. To meet this challenge head-on, a request for proposal (RFP) was developed and incorporated into the 1992/1993 AIAA/McDonnell Douglas Corporation Graduate Team Aircraft Design Competition. The RFP calls for the conceptual design and justification of a large aircraft capable of power projecting a significant military force without surface transportation reliance