Effects of improved street lighting on crime

Improved street lighting serves many functions and is used in both public and private settings. The prevention of personal and property crime is one of its objectives in public space, which is the main focus of this review. There are two main theories of why improved street lighting may cause a reduction in crime. The first suggests that improved lighting leads to increased surveillance of potential offenders (both by improving visibility and by increasing the number of people on the street) and hence to increased deterrence of potential offenders. The second suggests that improved lighting signals community investment in the area and that the area is improving, leading to increased community pride, community cohesiveness, and informal social control. The first theory predicts decreases in crime especially during the hours of darkness, while the second theory predicts decreases in crime during both daytime and nighttime. Results of this review indicate that improved street lighting significantly reduces crime. This lends support for the continued use of improved street lighting to prevent crime in public space. The review also found that nighttime crimes did not decrease more than daytime crimes. This suggests that a theory of street lighting focusing on its role in increasing community pride and informal social control may be more plausible than a theory focusing on increased surveillance and increased deterrence. Future research should be designed to test the main theories of the effects of improved street lighting more explicitly, and future lighting schemes should employ high quality evaluation designs with long-term followups

Kaffillari - kahvilapyörän suunnittelu

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli suunnitella polkupyörän päällä toimiva liikkuva kahvila eli kahvilapyörä turkulaissyntyisen yrityksen Kaffillarin käyttöön. Kahvilapyörän piti ulkoasullaan ilmentää Kaffillarin kahvintäyteistä maailmankuvaa sekä kyetä tarjoamaan edellytykset kahvin valmistamiseen itsenäisesti paikasta rippumatta. Suunnittelun tueksi vertailtiin tehtyjä tavarapyörärakennelmia sekä määriteltiin moodboardin avulla tunnelmaa, johon pyrittiin. Suunnittelun pohjaksi kartoitettiin ja määriteltiin mahdollisuuksia ja rajoituksia. Liikkuvaan kahvilatoimintaan tutustuttiin prototyyppien ja havainnoinnin kautta kahvilapyörän oikeassa ympäristössä. 3D-mallintaminen toimi suunnittelun päätyökaluna yhdessä hahmomallien kanssa, joilla näyttöruudun toisinaan harhaanjohtavia mittasuhteita tuotiin fyysiseen maailmaan. Rakenteiden tukevuutta testattiin ja tuotannollisuutta kehitettiin yhdessä valmistajan kanssa. Tuloksena saatiin toimiva prototyyppi, jota käytettiin Kaffillarin toiminnassa ensimmäisellä kesäkaudella sekä valmiit suunnitelmat Kaffillarin ensimmäiseen varsinaiseen tuotannolliseen versioon, jota jo rakennettiin opinnäytetyön loppuvaiheessa.The aim of the thesis was to design a fully functional café bicycle for a company in Turku called Kaffillari. The appearance of the café bicycle should represent the coffee filled worldview of Kaffillari and enable the best ground for making outstanding coffee self-reliantly anywhere. Benchmarking was conducted with already existing cargo bicycle creations and moodboard was used for defining the desired atmosphere. Functional possibilities and limitations were defined for the basis of the design. Prototypes were used to explore and observe the mobile café working in the real future environment of the café bicycle. 3D-modeling was the key tool for the entire project. It was used hand in hand with mock-ups to ensure the real life scale which sometimes may become blurry when only seen in the computer screen. The stability of the structure and producibility was developed with the manufacturer. The end results of the project were a working prototype which was used by Kaffillari for its first high season summer and ready plans for the actual first production model which is already under construction