Effect of Berberine on in vitro metabolism of Sulfonylureas: a herb-drug interactions study

Rationale: Patients with type 2 diabetes may co-ingest herbal and prescription medicine to control their blood sugar levels. Competitive binding of drug and herb may mutually affect their metabolism. This can alter the level of drug and its kinetics in the body, potentially causing toxicities or loss of efficacy. Understanding how metabolism of sulfonylureas like glyburide and gliclazide can be affected by the presence of berberine and vice versa can provide valuable information on the possible risk of toxicities caused by co-ingestion of drugs. Methods: Berberine and sulfonylureas (glyburide and gliclazide) were co-incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH regenerating system. The metabolites of berberine and sulfonylureas were analysed using liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode. The role of individual isozymes in the metabolism of berberine, glyburide and gliclazide was investigated by using specific inhibitors. Results: In vitro metabolism of berberine lead to the formation of demethyleneberberine (B1a) and B1b through demethylenation. Berberrubine (B2a) and its isomer (B2b) was formed through demethylation. The isozymes CYP3A and CYP2D were found to be involved in the metabolism of berberine. In vitro metabolism of glyburide and gliclazide lead to the formation of hydroxylated metabolites. The isozymes CYP3A and CYP2C were found to be involved in the metabolism of glyburide. Gliclazide was metabolised by CYP2C. In vitro co-incubation of glyburide or gliclazide with berberine showed that each drugs metabolism was compromised as both share a common isozymes. A strong negative linear correlation of glyburide or gliclazide metabolites levels and the concentration of berberine confirmed the effect of berberine on the metabolism of sulfonylurea

A novel cell disruption technique to enhance lipid extraction from microalgae

Lipid extraction represents one of the main bottlenecks of the microalgal technology for the production of biofuels. A novel method based on the use of H 2 O 2 with or without FeSO 4 , to disrupt the cell wall of Chlorella vulgaris and favor the subsequent extraction of lipids from wet biomass, is proposed. Experimental results show that, when disruption is performed under suitable operating conditions, the amount of lipids extracted is significantly increased with respect to the case where a classical approach is applied. Moreover, quality of lipids extracted after disruption seems to be improved in view of their exploitation for producing biofuels