Micromechanics of cyclic deformation in SSME turbopump blade materials

Current and candidate Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) turbopump blade materials are anisotropic, both in their elastic and plastic response. The major objective is to characterize the plastic deformation behavior of a typical single crystal nickel-base superalloy, PWA 1480, and to use this information to help guide the development of anisotropic constitutive models

Congestion and Public Capital

This paper analyzes the impact of public investment on the dynamics of private capital formation in an intertemporal optimizing market-clearing framework. The key feature characterizing the analysis is that the public good is treated as a durable capital good, subject to congestion. We show how in the presence of congestion the effect of government investment on private capital formation involves a tradeoff between the degree of substitution between private and public capital in production and the degree of congestion. Both lump-sum and distortionary tax financing are considered, with this tradeoff being tightened in the latter case.Congestion, Public Capital

Pengaruh Minyak Cumi Pada Umpan Bubu Dasar Terhadap Hasil Tangkapan Ikan-ikan Karang

Bottom trap have been used widely by coastal communities in North Sulawesi to catch coral fishes, since it simple in design, cheaper and easy to manage with a small boat. Unfortunately, the fishing practice of the traditional trap is usually conducted in destructive way, where fishermen cover the gear with live coral to attract fishing target. Although the gear\u27s design has evolved over centuries, there is still potential for improving its catching efficiency and selectivity. An attempt to understand the fishing process of bottom trap should therefore be focused on bait and how its chemical composition, visual and physical properties may stimulate target species to attack the bait and captured. Addition of squid liver oil to the bait could increase the fishing power of bottom trap gear. But scientific information\u27s about its applications are not available yet. Therefore, the objective of this research was to study the effect of squid liver oil on bait of bottom trap toward the capture of coral fishes. This research was done in Bangka Strait North of Minahasa, based on experimental method. Six units of bottom trap (bamboo) were operated ten nights in collecting data; where tree units of them used scad mackerel bait that injected by squid liver oil, and tree other units just used scad mackerel bait without squid liver oil; and the capture data were analyzed by ttest. The catch was 117 fish in total consist of 2 genera; 74 fish was caught by scad mackerel bait with squid liver oil, and 43 fish was caught by bait without squid liver oil. Analysis of ttest show that t0= 8.908>t0.05; 5= 3.250; which means that the addition of squid liver oil on bait could increase the catch of bottom trap

Ruminal characteristics of feeder calves

Most feeder calves marketed in the Southeast are subsequently exposed to the stresses of marketing and transporting which alter rumen metabolism and delay feedlot adaptation. A review of the literature established the need of a multidisciplinary approach in studying the nutritional aspects of animals subjected to these market-transit stresses. Rumen samples were taken and weight, body measurements, and backfat thickness were determined for 360 unweaned, 6- to 10-month-old calves at 22 farms before the calves entered the market-chain during the Falls of 1977 and 1978. Mean weight, body length, height at the wither, body depth at the fore chest, width at the point of the shoulder, back-fat at the 12th rib, rumen liquid volume, in vitro gas producing potential, total volatile fatty acids, ciliated protozoa (Spirotricha and Holotricha), and rumen pH were 202 ± 1.97 kg, 97 ± 0.37 cm, 93 ± 0.49 cm, 48.0 ± 0.19 cm, 32 ± 0.15 cm, 1.47 ± 0.05 mm, 26 ± 0.54 1, 6.3 ± 0.18 cm3, 63.1 ± 1.29 mmol/1, 31.25 x 104 ± 1.72 x 104/ml (28.37 x 104,sup/\u3e ± 1.71 X 104/ml and 2.87 x 10 ± 0.20 x 104/ml), and 7.0 ± 0.02, respectively. One-hundred-eighty-four weanling steer calves were subjected to the stresses associated with the normal industry procedures for marketing and transporting Southeastern feeder calves from the farms where they were raised to commercial backgrounding and/or finishing facilities. Body weight decreased during the auction barn phase, increased slightly during orderbuyer barn phase, and decreased during transit. Total market-transit weight loss was 13% of the arrival auction barn weight. Rumen liquid volume, rumen gas producing potential, rumen total VFA concentration, and rumen protozoal concentration decreased signifi cantly (25.6%, 71%, 25%, and 50%, respectively) during the auction barn phase. During the auction barn starvation period, rumen pH increased. This was followed by a decrease in pH during the orderbuyer barn phase. Vleight and all other rumen parameters increased during the orderbuyer barn phase

Identification Of A Treatment-Resistant, Ketamine-Sensitive Genetic Line In The Chick Anxiety-Depression Model

Approximately 60% of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients do not respond to FDA-approved antidepressants. Introducing effective pharmacotherapies for this treatment-resistant population is hindered by the lack of pre-clinical screening assays that accurately model the clinical features of TRD. The purpose of this research was to screen representatives of different classes FDA-approved antidepressants and one novel antidepressant in two genetic lines of domestic fowl chicks that have previously been identified as stress-vulnerable and stress-resilient in the chick anxiety depression model. Separate groups of socially raised Black Australorp (stress-vulnerable) and Production Red (stress-resilient) chicks were administered the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine (0-20 mg/kg), the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (0-10 mg/kg), the tetracyclic antidepressant maprotiline (0-10 mg/kg), the glutamate receptor antagonist ketamine (0-15 mg/kg), or vehicle (physiological saline) and placed individually inside sound attenuating chambers for a 90-minute test period. The behavioral measure of distress vocalizations (DVocs) was recorded via custom designed software. Replication and validation of previous findings of stress sensitivity in the two genetic lines was measured by calculation of the onset of behavioral despair during the depression like phase (30-90 min). Verifying previous research, Black Australorps entered behavioral despair approximately 25% faster than Production Reds signifying the stress-vulnerability of the Black Australorp line. In the depression-like phase, Black Australorps were insensitive to imipramine and fluoxetine, but sensitive to ketamine, a finding that parallels the clinical picture of TRD. Utilization of the Black Australorps genetic line in the chick anxiety-depression model may be a novel and lone preclinical screening to identify alternative mechanisms and promising leads for TRD

The design of a modelling framework to simulate the local food system of a rural community in Zimbabwe

In sub-Saharan Africa, forecasts of regional or national scale malnutrition are prepared using a variety of ‘Early Warning Systems’, based upon supply-side data such as crop forecasts and satellite images of vegetation growth. Three agencies are developing more localised targeting systems using historical indicators to prepare ‘vulnerability assessments’ and so predict malnutrition at sub-national scales. This work argues that an alternative approach of short-term simulations of local food systems, may offer benefits.The design of a modelling framework to carry out such a simulation, for a rural community of Zimbabwe, is presented together with the associated data requirements. The thesis reviews the current literature concerning food security, particularly the monitoring of food shortages, the targeting of emergency food aid and the economic and nutritional perspectives of the causes of malnutrition. The extent of spatial and temporal variability amongst households is analysed from primary survey data. The design implications of this variability and of the hierarchical structure o f the rural socio-economy and grain trading are discussed. Two versions of the modelling framework are reported, the first using systems dynamic modelling and the second using expert systems simulation techniques.The first framework uses the UNICEF diagram of the ‘malnutrition-infection complex’ to develop the central component of the simulation. The second framework combines a ‘rulebase’ of household and com m unity behaviour with rainfall and health statistics to effect changes upon a database of households, data for which are extrapolated from the primary survey and secondary data obtained. The effectiveness of the framework and the direction of future work thereon are discussed

The Influence Of Environmental, Cognitive, And Pharmacological Factors On Alcohol-related Behaviours

A variety of effects previously attributed to pharmacological properties of alcohol have been shown to result from cognitive factors. For example, subjects believing alcohol was consumed show greater craving for alcohol and consume more beverage than subjects believing alcohol was not consumed, regardless of whether these beliefs are accurate. This has been demonstrated using the balanced placebo design. Many researchers, however, have argued that these experiments should be conducted in a natural drinking environment to assess the external validity of previous laboratory findings, and to investigate possible interaction effects resulting from the presence of alcohol-associated environmental cues. This is important for clinical considerations, as treatment recommendations based on laboratory findings may be less relevant in the natural setting where the behaviour to be treated actually occurs.;To permit maximization of ecological validity in Study II, the drinking practices of undergraduate males were assessed in Study I. Results indicated that most often beer is consumed in on-campus bars, and that significant high levels of drinking and alcohol-associated problems were evident. In Study II, the balanced placebo experiment was conducted in an on-campus bar, and in a laboratory, thus permitting investigation of the relative influence of pharmacological, cognitive, and environmental variables on alcohol-related behaviour. Results indicated that beverage consumption in the laboratory was primarily determined by subjects\u27 beliefs regarding the alcohol content, but that subjects\u27 reported beliefs had no effect on consumption in the barroom. In the barroom, subjects began drinking sooner, drank more, and neither beliefs nor actual alcohol content had any influence on drinking behaviour. Subjective drunkenness was influenced by beliefs and setting, while behavioural impairment was influenced by beliefs and alcohol content.;It was concluded that analogue alcohol studies can and should be replicated in natural drinking environments, as results and clinical implications may differ. These findings suggest that pharmacological, cognitive, and environmental variables interact in a complex manner to produce a variety of effects, and that of these variables, consideration of environmental influences in alcohol treatment programs may be critical to their success

Crop residues for wintering dry pregnant beef cows

Conservative estimates indicate that 1.5 million tons of potential livestock feed could be realized yearly from corn and soybean residue and cotton gin trash in the state of Tennessee. The purpose of this research was: (1) to compare the feeding value of corn stalklage, dry corn stover, NH3-treated corn stover and NaOH-treated corn stalklage; and (2) to compare the feeding value of cotton gin trash and soybean stalk residue. The results of experiment I indicated that dry corn stover harvested in large round bales, supplemented with soybean meal, salt, dicalcium phosphate and vitamin A provides adequate nutrition for the mature dry pregnant beef cow. The failure of NH^ treatment of corn stover to significantly alter the plant variables considered indicated that this treatment is probably not feasible. Storing the stover as stalklage reduced its feeding value, probably as a result of poor packing and fermentation. NaOH addition at ensiling time apparently increased the digestibility of the stover but problems encountered with the feeding of the material overrode any advantage gained. The results of experiment II indicated that soybean stalk resi\u27 due and cotton gin trash, when supplemented with protein blocks and minerals, apparently provided adequate amounts of nutrients for mature dry pregnant beef cows. Two cows being fed soybean stalk residue died of veterinary diagnosed mycotoxin poisoning

Pigeon breeder's disease: the clinical spectrum and humoral response; an investigation of the nature and extent of extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to pigeon-derived antigens among pigeon fanciers continuing to pursue the pastime, with particular reference to early clinical and humoral-mediated responses following exposure

This thesis examines the relationships between the clinical manifestations of Pigeon Breeder's Disease among active pigeon fanciers, and the associated humoral responses to pigeon -derived antigens. Clinical data was obtained in questionnaire format from a large scale field study interviewing 100 pigeon fanciers. A wide range of skin tests were performed and serum antibodies were estimated by sensitive and quantitative radioimmunoassay techniques. Selected pigeon fanciers also underwent detailed pulmonary physiological assessments including monitoring of lung function after antigen challenge. In particular, immediate components of the condition both clinical and immunological have been investigated.Simple criteria have been formulated to categorise pigeon related clinical responses and a wider spectrum of Pigeon Breeder's Disease was identified. Modifications to the current classification are suggested to encompass -1) acute progressive disease - the typical acute hospital referred case2) acute recurrent disease - recurrent,febrile, alveolitis episodes but without short or medium term clinical deterioration. Affected persons continue active participation in the hobby and therefore this is probably more common than acute progressive disease with a prevalence of approximately 10% in the present studies. Self regulation of exposure is an important aspect.3) Immediate Response - consisting of 3 or more immediate symptoms; commonly recorded among pigeon fanciers, often with delayed symptoms forming an indistinct group that did not represent a specific clinical or immunological entity 4) chronic PBD - evidence was found suggesting that chronic respiratory symptoms are an important part of the clinical spectrum occurring in up to 20% of non -smokers.The pulmonary function data supported these clinical distinctions and lung permeability studies showed disturbed physiological integrity even where routine pulmonary function parameters were normal. This technique merits further investigation as a potentially sensitive indicator of physiological abnormality in extrinsic allergic alveolitis.Relationships between avian- specific IgG, exposure factors and clinical response have been extended. There was a progressive tendency towards an altered immune reactivity (immunisation) as certain parameters of exposure increased,but this did not correlate with a major likelihood for finding extrinsic allergic alveolitis. High antibody responders are a group determined by host immunological responsiveness. An intense IgG response correlated with the presence of Pigeon Breeder's Disease independently of exposure,and those having >60ug /ml serum IgG to pigeon globulin evident within 10 years of pigeon keeping were particularly likely to report acute Pigeon Breeder's Disease.The skin test data indicate that the humoral immune response routinely includes reaginic activity which relates to IgG antibody rather than IgE and such responses were associated with the presence of extrinsic allergic alveolitis independently of the late,6 hour,intradermal response.These studies redefine the clinical spectrum of Pigeon Breeder's Disease and establish that there is a dynamic interaction between exposure and symptoms constituting a self - regulation of the condition particularly relevant in those persons with acute recurrent disease. A close relationship between avian-specific IgG and Pigeon Breeder's Disease has been reaffirmed and shown to relate primarily to factors other than intensity of exposure,and to have a functional capability including reaginic activity. The findings favour an active role for antibody in the immunopathogenesis of Pigeons Breeder's Disease and it is postulated that avian- specific reaginic activity within the pulmonary compartment may initiate or enhance other immune events leading in susceptible persons to the disease entity of extrinsic allergic alveolitis