Planning the integration of ex situ plant conservation in Tasmania

Tasmania has a strong record of successful in situ plant conservation but there will always be a role for the integration of various ex situ measures into a plant conservation program due to pressure by threatening processes on wild populations. This paper replaces a 15 year old strategy for ex situ conservation in Tasmania. Progress in ex situ measures for Tasmanian plants is described and broadly evaluated against the previous strategy. Rare and threatened species are considered to be a high priority group for resources if intensive management is required. Endemic species likely to be adversely impacted by climate change would be a high priority for ex situ conservation. Seed banking to capture as much genetic variation in these species is suggested. Eight ex situ methods are briefly described and their application in Tasmanian instances noted. The Tasmanian Seed Conservation Centre established at the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens is a central part of Tasmanian ex situ conservation efforts for ex situ conservation programs. An ongoing role for this facility is considered fundamental

Intraosseous vascular access in critically ill adults-a review of the literature

Aim & objectives. This literature review aim is to present a detailed investigation critiquing contemporary practices of intraosseous vascular access in adult patients. Specific objectives identified led to the exploration of clinical contexts, IO device/s and anatomical sites; education and training requirements; implications and recommendations for emergency healthcare practice and any requirements for further research. Background. The intraosseous route is an established method of obtaining vascular access in children in acute and emergency situations and is now increasingly being used in adults as an alternative to intravenous access, yet a paucity of evidence exists regarding its use, effectiveness and implementation. Search strategies. An exploratory literature review was undertaken in acknowledgement of the broad and complex nature of the project aim. Five electronic search engines were examined iteratively from June 2013 to February 2014. The search terms were ‘intraosseous’ AND ‘adult’ which were purposely limited due to the exploratory nature of the review. Studies that met the inclusion criteria of primary research articles with adult focus, paediatric lead research were excluded. Primary research international also included. Secondary research, reviews, case reports, editorials and opinion papers were excluded. Conclusion. Intraosseous vascular access is considered an alternative vascular access route although debate considering the preferred anatomical site is ongoing. Documented practices are only established in pre-hospital and specialist Emergency Department settings, however variety exists in policy and actual practice. Achieving insertion competence is relatively uncomplicated following minimal preparation although ongoing skill maintenance is less clear. Intraosseous vascular access is associated with minimal complications although pain is a significant issue for the conscious patient especially during fluid administration. Relevance to clinical practice. The intraosseous route is clearly a valuable alternative to problematic intravascular access. However further research, including cost effectiveness reviews, is required to gain clarity of whole acute care approaches

The inviscid stability of supersonic flow past a sharp cone

The laminar boundary layer which forms on a sharp cone in a supersonic freestream, where lateral curvature plays a key role in the physics of the problem is considered. This flow is then analyzed from the point of view of linear, temporal, inviscid stability. The basic, non-axisymmetric disturbance equations are derived for general flows of this class, and a so called triply generalized inflexion condition is found for the existence of subsonic neutral modes of instability. This condition is analogous to the well-known generalized inflexion condition found in planar flows, although in the present case the condition depends on both axial and aximuthal wavenumbers. Extensive numerical results are presented for the stability problem at a freestream Mach number of 3.8, for a range of streamwise locations. These results reveal that a new mode of instability may occur, peculiar to flows of this type involving curvature. Additionally, asymptotic analyses valid close to the tip of the cone, far downstream of the cone are presented, and these give a partial (asymptotic) description of this additional mode of instability

Absolute linear instability in laminar and turbulent gas/liquid two-layer channel flow

We study two-phase stratified flow where the bottom layer is a thin laminar liquid and the upper layer is a fully-developed gas flow. The gas flow can be laminar or turbulent. To determine the boundary between convective and absolute instability, we use Orr--Sommerfeld stability theory, and a combination of linear modal analysis and ray analysis. For turbulent gas flow, and for the density ratio r=1000, we find large regions of parameter space that produce absolute instability. These parameter regimes involve viscosity ratios of direct relevance to oil/gas flows. If, instead, the gas layer is laminar, absolute instability persists for the density ratio r=1000, although the convective/absolute stability boundary occurs at a viscosity ratio that is an order of magnitude smaller than in the turbulent case. Two further unstable temporal modes exist in both the laminar and the turbulent cases, one of which can exclude absolute instability. We compare our results with an experimentally-determined flow-regime map, and discuss the potential application of the present method to non-linear analyses.Comment: 33 pages, 20 figure

Bibliographic Instruction: Two Models Converging in a Common Goal

Introduction This essay will explore research in the undergraduate curriculum by examining the divergent ways research is understood. The debate centers around the ways that the typical student perceives the role of the library in her education at the university. To limit the discussion to the relation between the student and the librarian misses the larger issue at stake. What needs does the average undergraduate have after completion of the B.A., if they have no plans to continue education further? Are research skills necessary only for the graduate student, or is there some truth to the humanistic notion of \u27knowledge for knowledge\u27s sake? There are three key sections to this essay; the first examines the perceived role of the academic library, in an overview fashion, from both the undergraduate and the casual reader of library literature. The second examines what I am calling the \u27BI\u27 (Bibliographic Instruction) model of research; what is usually taught in the one-shot 50 minute sessions about how to hunt down citations and navigate the OPAC and relevant databases. The last examines the \u27humanistic\u27 tradition which posits research as a democratizing tool needed for an effective citizenry. It is argued that the BI model is a tool necessary to have in our cognitive toolbox and the humanistic model is the mindset necessary to see the value in the tool. As an imperfect analogy, consider the frustrated high school freshman forced to learn algebra. Why do I have to learn this, he cries, I\u27ll never have to use the quadratic equation after I leave here! The role of the successful teacher is to show him why he will need the overall mathematical philosophy learned, even if the specific formula will never again surface. So it is with research--although the average student will never have to track citations down with ISI Web of Science, the skillset she learns will be tested and used even without her knowing it. Conclusion We must move out of packaging undergraduate research. Yes it is understood that it a goal we all adopt and that there is real disagreement over whose provenance it is, but this all misses the central point that we have conflated two different conceptions of what research actually is. To the average student, research means the ability to pull up resources her professor will accept as footnotes in an essay. For the educator and librarian, it means a lifelong tool that is the bedrock for civilization; it is the ability to critically assess all possible information sources for relevance and worth. This is of greater and greater import in this wired world, but the recognition of the import of the mission is in danger of being lost. Again, this is all lost if the students do not realize for themselves the benefit they stand to lose by not having this skill. Few undergraduates bother to consider the library as a place that offers classes, can help them with more than \u27the printer is out of toner,\u27 and more importantly can help them beyond this class and this assignment. How is this to be accomplished? Perhaps by recognizing (MacDonald et alia 2000) that we have to build for the future. The libraries have to take the research paradigm beyond the one-shot classes (while not discarding them, mind you) and actively involve the undergraduate, graduate, faculty, staff and community member. Borrow a page from the public library and have classes just for non-campus members, pop-up BI ads on the OPAC, posted signs on the walls and near the computers, hand out slingers as students check out books, take out advertisements in the student papers, mail handouts to student advisors. The list is endless, but so are the needs

Are You as Safe as You Think You Are?

PresentationThe use of the bowtie diagram has become widespread in the oil and gas industry as a communication and identification tool for hazardous events. The technique has proven to be very useful in the determination of safety critical equipment, when used in a simplistic manner. On the other hand, its complex applications extend towards developing and maintaining performance standards, procedures, etc. The bowtie technique is used to record barriers – both preventive and mitigative. But having recorded barriers, it is useful to be able to take a view on how effective these barriers are, and how well you are protected from the identified threats and potential consequences. There are several tools available in the industry to estimate this quantitatively. Just like the known quantitative risk techniques, these methods come with their own set of complexities. For assessing barrier effectiveness, is this complexity needed? This paper provides a qualitative methodology for estimating the effectiveness of barriers, which can be considered as a screening process that can both focus OPEX and identify areas where barriers may need to be reinforced or added to. The method accounts for a variety of factors such as safety measures being fail-safe, and the possibility of safety system overrides. One of the major benefits of the bowtie technique is to assist in the development of key performance indicator metrics. It gives an insight as to how well protected a facility is against accident events and supports operational managers in making risk based decisions, e.g. making choices on how to focus OPEX spend. With continued development of new sources for oil and gas production, the risk to surrounding public receptors has been a growing concern in the industry. Questions arise about how to best implement safeguards and position detectors, respond to emergencies, and better protect vulnerable areas, making a thorough understanding of risk key