Additional file 2 of A randomised controlled trial of the effect of providing online risk information and lifestyle advice for the most common preventable cancers: study protocol

Example of lifestyle information. (PDF 425 kb

Associations between infant motor development and proxy indicators of physical activity at age 14 years.

<p>* Model 1 adjusted for sex, gestational age, birth season and father's social class category in 1966.</p><p>† Model 2 adjusted for sex, gestational age, birth season, father's social class category in 1966, birth weight SD score and BMI SD score at age 14 years.</p><p>β Beta coefficients in this model show the change in outcome measure, for example school PE grade, per one unit change in exposure, for example 1 month earlier age at walking supported.</p

Descriptive Statistics.

<p>School sports grade (n = 6,212).</p><p>Number of different sports activities reported (n = 8,998).</p><p>Frequency of sports participation (n = 7,736).</p

Correlations between infant motor development and indicators of sports participation at age 14 years.

*<p>p<0.05.</p>**<p>p<0.01 (2-tailed).</p

Infant motor development and school grade in physical education.

<p>School physical education grade by approximate quintiles of age at standing unaided, adjusted for sex, gestational age, birth season and father's social class category in 1966. Data are Mean and 95% C.I (n = 5,191). P for trend<0.001</p

Prescription of glucose-lowering therapies and risk of COVID-19 mortality in people with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide observational study in England

BackgroundIn patients with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycaemia is an independent risk factor for COVID-19-related mortality. Associations between pre-infection prescription for glucose-lowering drugs and COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 2 diabetes have been postulated but only investigated in small studies and limited to a few agents. We investigated whether there are associations between prescription of different classes of glucose-lowering drugs and risk of COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis was a nationwide observational cohort study done with data from the National Diabetes Audit for people with type 2 diabetes and registered with a general practice in England since 2003. Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of COVID-19-related mortality in people prescribed each class of glucose-lowering drug, with covariate adjustment with a propensity score to address confounding by demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors.FindingsAmong the 2 851 465 people with type 2 diabetes included in our analyses, 13 479 (0·5%) COVID-19-related deaths occurred during the study period (Feb 16 to Aug 31, 2020), corresponding to a rate of 8·9 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 8·7-9·0). The adjusted HR associated with recorded versus no recorded prescription was 0·77 (95% CI 0·73-0·81) for metformin and 1·42 (1·35-1·49) for insulin. Adjusted HRs for prescription of other individual classes of glucose-lowering treatment were as follows: 0·75 (0·48-1·17) for meglitinides, 0·82 (0·74-0·91) for SGLT2 inhibitors, 0·94 (0·82-1·07) for thiazolidinediones, 0·94 (0·89-0·99) for sulfonylureas, 0·94 (0·83-1·07) for GLP-1 receptor agonists, 1·07 (1·01-1·13) for DPP-4 inhibitors, and 1·26 (0·76-2·09) for α-glucosidase inhibitors.InterpretationOur results provide evidence of associations between prescription of some glucose-lowering drugs and COVID-19-related mortality, although the differences in risk are small and these findings are likely to be due to confounding by indication, in view of the use of different drug classes at different stages of type 2 diabetes disease progression. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is no clear indication to change prescribing of glucose-lowering drugs in people with type 2 diabetes.FundingNone

COVID-19: How has a global pandemic changed manual therapy technique education in chiropractic programs around the world?

Background: Manual therapy is a cornerstone of chiropractic education, whereby students work towards a level of skill and expertise that is regarded as competent to work within the field of chiropractic. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, chiropractic programs in every region around the world had to make rapid changes to the delivery of manual therapy technique education, however what those changes looked like was unknown. Aims: The aims of this study were to describe the immediate actions made by chiropractic programs to deliver education for manual therapy techniques and to summarise the experience of academics who teach manual therapy techniques during the initial outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A qualitative descriptive approach was used to describe the immediate actions made by chiropractic programs to deliver manual therapy technique education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chiropractic programs were identified from the webpages of the Councils on Chiropractic Education International and the Council on Chiropractic Education – USA. Between May and June 2020, a convenience sample of academics who lead or teach in manual therapy technique in those programs were invited via email to participate in an online survey with open-ended questions. Responses were entered into the NVivo software program and analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis by a qualitative researcher independent to the data collection