Work situation for those who returned to paid work in the first year after stroke.

<p>Numbers are n (%) unless otherwise specified; SD = standard deviation.</p

Cumulative incidence (Kaplan Meier plot) in time to return to work over one year by dependence of daily living status at 28 days.

<p>Cumulative incidence (Kaplan Meier plot) in time to return to work over one year by dependence of daily living status at 28 days.</p

Perceived Value of a Motorcycle Training Program: The Influence of Crash History and Experience of the Training

<div><p> <b>Objective:</b> Evidence that rider training reduces motorcycle-related injuries or crashes is currently lacking. However, significant community demand for training persists, which in turn can influence policy. The present study aims to contribute to the understanding of this demand via two objectives: to (1) offer a method, namely, contingent valuation, to measure the value motorcyclists place on training and (2) examine determinants of such value.</p> <p> <b>Methods:</b> Value was elicited through a willingness to question, using a bidding format, novice motorcyclists who were randomly assigned to groups either offered the training or not.</p> <p> <b>Results:</b> The group that was offered and subsequently received training provided a lower mean perceived value of the training than the group that was not. Perceived value increased with rider age and decreased with training participation and near-crash experiences, controlling for bidding order, income, education, and experience of other training.</p> <p> <b>Conclusion:</b> This study demonstrates the utility of contingent valuation in quantifying the perceived value of training, as well as the modifiability of perceived value, with age, training participation, and near-crash experiences as key determinants. This indicates that research to determine ways to align the perceived value with evidence on training effectiveness is worthwhile in order to facilitate more appropriate and justified allocation of road safety resources. Potential options to explore and evaluate may include community education on evidence of training effectiveness as well as alternative measures with demonstrated effectiveness in reducing crash risks.</p> </div

Flow of participants in POISE.

<p>Flow of participants in POISE.</p

Final multivariable model showing variables associated with return to paid employment in the first year after stroke.

<p>N = 240; C-statistic = 0·805; goodness of fit (Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit test) p = 0·404.</p><p>Being self employed/working in own business excluded from final model due to large number of missing data (not significant when included).</p

Global Systematic Review of the Cost-Effectiveness of Indigenous Health Interventions

<div><p>Abstract</p><p>Background</p><p>Indigenous populations around the world have consistently been shown to bear a greater burden of disease, death and disability than their non-Indigenous counterparts. Despite this, little is known about what constitutes cost-effective interventions in these groups. The objective of this paper was to assess the global cost-effectiveness literature in Indigenous health to identify characteristics of successful and unsuccessful interventions and highlight areas for further research.</p><p>Methods and Findings</p><p>A systematic review of the published literature was carried out. MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, ECONLIT, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched with terms to identify cost-effectiveness evaluations of interventions in Indigenous populations around the world. The WHO definition was followed in identifying Indigenous populations. 19 studies reporting on 27 interventions were included in the review. The majority of studies came from high-income nations with only two studies of interventions in low and middle-income nations. 22 of the 27 interventions included in the analysis were found to be cost-effective or cost-saving by the respective studies. There were only two studies that focused on Indigenous communities in urban areas, neither of which was found to be cost-effective. There was little attention paid to Indigenous conceptions of health in included studies. Of the 27 included studies, 23 were interventions that specifically targeted Indigenous populations. Outreach programs were shown to be consistently cost-effective.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The comprehensive review found only a small number of studies examining the cost-effectiveness of interventions into Indigenous communities around the world. Given the persistent disparities in health outcomes faced by these populations and commitments from governments around the world to improving these outcomes, it is an area where the health economics and public health fields can play an important role in improving the health of millions of people.</p></div

Cumulative incidence (Kaplan Meier plot) in time to return to work over one year by depression status at 28 days.

<p>Cumulative incidence (Kaplan Meier plot) in time to return to work over one year by depression status at 28 days.</p

Search Strategy.

<p>Search Strategy.</p

PRISMA Flowchart.

<p>PRISMA Flowchart.</p

Types of Economic Evaluation.

<p>Types of Economic Evaluation.</p