Comparison of estimates of adult population size and of inbreeding effective number of breeders .

<p>The comparison is shown between 1990 and 2000 for four populations of <i>O. reticulata</i>. Site codes follow <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048464#pone-0048464-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Genetic based estimates of effective population size (MBT, TM3) and (LDNe, ONeSAMP) and comparison with the demographic estimates of the inbreeding effective number of breeders for four populations of <i>O. reticulata.</i>

<p>MBT: moment based temporal method; TM3: likelihood based temporal method. LDNe: the linkage disequilibrium method with bias correction; ONeSAMP is a program that uses summary statistics and approximate Bayesian computation. Lower and upper 95% confidence intervals are in brackets. *: TM3 did not produce upper confidence intervals below the imposed boundary of 999 individuals. **: no estimate possible due to too few of offspring.</p

Estimates of adult ()and adult female () population sizes, and the inbreeding number of breeders when accounting only for sex ratio of O. reticulata ().

<p>Habitat fragments sampled and reference number (Ref) referring to the study of Sarre et al. (1995). Samp: number of sampling occasions, : daily capture probability: LCI and UCI: lower and upper 95% confidence interval.</p

PCR_DNA_test_results

PCR_DNA_test_result

DAPI-stained karyotypes of three <i>Varanus</i> species.

<p>Female (a) and male (b) of <i>V. acanthurus</i>, female (c) and male (d) of <i>V. rosenbergi</i>, and female (e) and male (f) of <i>V. gouldii</i>. Macrochromosomes are numbered according to King and King <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095226#pone.0095226-King1" target="_blank">[19]</a> and King et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095226#pone.0095226-King2" target="_blank">[20]</a>. ‘W’ and ‘Lm’ indicate W chromosomes in the three species (a, c, e) and large microchromosomes in male and female <i>V. acanthurus</i> (a, b), respectively. Scale bars indicate 10 µm. W chromosome in <i>V. gouldii</i> was identified by C-banding and CGH (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095226#pone-0095226-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095226#pone-0095226-g003" target="_blank">3</a>).</p

Chromosome painting with <i>V. acanthurus</i> microchromosome probes.

<p>Painting with the W chromosome probe in female <i>V. acanthurus</i> (a), the large microchromosome probe in female <i>V. acanthurus</i> (b), an autosomal microchromosome probe in male (c) and female <i>V. acanthurus</i> (d), and the W chromosome probe in female <i>V. rosenbergi</i> (e) and <i>V. gouldii</i> (f). Arrowheads indicate hybridization signals. ‘W’, ‘Lm’ and ‘m’ indicate W chromosomes in the three species (a, b, d–f), large microchromosomes in male and female <i>V. acanthurus</i> (a–d), and microchromosome to which the probe has been hybridized in male and female <i>V. acanthurus</i> (c, d), respectively. Scale bars indicate 10 µm.</p

Schematic model for karyotype and sex chromosome evolution in varanid species.

<p>Phylogeny and clade names are referred to Vidal et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095226#pone.0095226-Vidal1" target="_blank">[18]</a>. Divergence times were estimated to be ca. 41, 32, and 27 million years ago (MYA) for nodes between African species and rests, between Asian and Australian species, and among the three clades in Australian species, respectively <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095226#pone.0095226-Vidal1" target="_blank">[18]</a>. Karyotypes of <i>V. niloticus</i> (<i>niloticus</i> clade), <i>V. salvator</i> (<i>salvator</i> clade) and <i>V. varius</i> (<i>varius</i> clade) are referred to King and King <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095226#pone.0095226-King1" target="_blank">[19]</a>. The CGG repeat motif (light and dark blue) was widely distributed over the genome of the common ancestor of <i>acanthurus</i> and <i>gouldii</i> clades, and, then, was rapidly amplified on the W chromosome in the common ancestor of <i>V. gouldii</i> and <i>V. rosenbergi</i>. Further amplification of the CGG repeat motif occurred on the W chromosome in <i>V. rosenbergi</i>. The AAT repeat motif (red) and other specific repetitive sequences (green) were independently accumulated and amplified on the W chromosome in <i>V. acanthurus</i>. Pericentromeric inversions had occurred on chromosomes 6 and 7 in the common ancestor of <i>V. gouldii</i> and <i>V. rosenbergi</i>.</p

FISH mapping of microsatellite motifs in three <i>Varanus</i> species.

<p>FISH mapping of (CGG)₁₀ microsatellite motif in female <i>V. rosenbergi</i> (a), female <i>V. gouldii</i> (b), female <i>V. acanthurus</i> (c), and of (ATT)₁₀ microsatellite motif in female <i>V. acanthurus</i> (d). Arrowheads indicate W chromosomes (a–d). Fluorescent signal of (CGG)₁₀ microsatellite motif was not observed on W chromosome of <i>V. acanthurus</i> (c). Scale bars indicate 10 µm.</p

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) images of three <i>Varanus</i> species.

<p>Female (a) and male (b) of <i>V. acanthurus</i>, female (c) and male (d) of <i>V. rosenbergi</i>, and female (e) and male (f) of <i>V. gouldii</i>. Arrowheads and arrows indicate W chromosomes (a, c, e) and large size microchromosome in male and female <i>V. acanthurus</i> (a, b), respectively. Scale bars indicate 10 µm.</p

Data description and hypotheses for <i>Salmonella</i> persistence and transmission in wild pigs (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) modelled using both the cross sectional prevalence study design and molecular case series study design.

<p>Data description and hypotheses for <i>Salmonella</i> persistence and transmission in wild pigs (<i>Sus scrofa</i>) modelled using both the cross sectional prevalence study design and molecular case series study design.</p