Collective Wisdom: An Exploration of Library, Archives and Museum Cultures

The 2016 Collective Wisdom: Library, Archives and Museum (LAM) Conference Exchange program brought together 18 librarians, archivists and museum professionals to form a cohort charged with exploring cross-sector practices and culture with an eye toward increasing interdisciplinary collaborations and continuing education. This white paper presents reflections and provides recommendations based on the cohort experience. Cohort members represented a range of library, archives and museum institutions, academic programs and professional organizations from across the US and the Territory of American Samoa

Das postsynaptische Strukturprotein ProSAP1/Shank2 und seine Rolle für die synaptische Maturierung

Shanks (also known as ProSAPs/Shanks) are large multidomain proteins that localize to excitatory synapses in the mammalian brain, where they are believed to organize the protein scaffold of the postsynaptic density (PSD). Structurally, Shanks are coupling glutamate receptor scaffolds to the actin cytoskeleton and intracellular signalling pathways by means of their protein- protein interaction domains. Functional studies suggest that Shanks may be important scaffold molecules with a crucial role in the assembly of the PSD during synaptogenesis, in the structural instruction of synaptic plasticity, and in the regulation of dendritic spine morphology. Mutations in all three human SHANK genes have been directly linked to patients diagnosed with autism and/or cognitive disability. Shank2 deficient mice have recently been generated by the laboratory of Prof. Dr. Tobias Böckers (Ulm University, Germany) and we electrophysiologically characterized neuronal transmission of these mice in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Performing extracellular recordings of evoked field potentials and intracellular whole-cell patchclamp recordings of spontaneous synaptic transmission, we found that Shank2-/- mice suffer from a selective decrease of excitatory synaptic transmission in hippocampal CA1. Recordings of AMPA/NMDA receptor ratios and minimal stimulation experiments revealed that Shank2‑/- mice suffer from attenuated synaptic maturation, a phenotype that becomes manifest over the course of the fourth postnatal week. Specifically, we found that CA1 pyramidal cells in adolescent (P21-P28), but not juvenile (P13-P14) Shank2‑/- mice harbour an unusually high fraction of silent synapses. Those synapses that contain AMPA receptors, have a reduced potency. Knockout mice are, however, capable of long-term plasticity as they showed normal long-term depression and increased long-term potentiation. These results confirm a role for Shank2 in the development of excitatory synapses. The late onset of the phenotype in Shank2‑/- mice, however, questions the hypothesis that Shank2 and Shank3, in contrast to Shank1, are predominantly acting in early synaptogenesis.Shank Proteine (auch bekannt als ProSAP/Shank Proteine) sind Bestandteile von exzitatorischen Synapsen im Gehirn von Säugetieren und dort vor allem in den postsynaptischen Spezialisierungen (den Dornfortsätzen, englisch: spines) zu finden. Shanks sind große Proteine, die mit Hilfe ihrer unterschiedlichen Protein-Interaktions-Domänen am strukturellen Aufbau der Postsynapse mitwirken. Als Bestandteil der PSD (postsynaptischen Verdichtung) verschränken sie die Ankerproteine der Glutamatrezeptoren mit dem Aktinzytoskelett und intrazellulären Signalkaskaden. Funktionelle Untersuchungen legen nahe, dass Shank Proteine für den Aufbau der PSD während der Synapsenentstehung wichtig sind, aber auch für strukturelle Veränderungen der Postsynapse im Zuge synaptischer Plastizität. Zudem sind für jedes der drei humanen SHANK Gene Mutationen beschrieben, die selektiv in Patienten mit Autismus und/oder kognitiven Funktionsstörungen zu finden sind. Um mehr über die Funktion von Shank2 (einem von drei Shank Proteinen in Säugetieren) zu erfahren, wurden von der Arbeitsgruppe um Prof. Dr. Tobias Böckers (Universität Ulm, Deutschland) Shank2 Nullmutanten generiert. Wir haben diese transgenen Mäuse funktionell untersucht, indem wir elektrophysiologische Messungen in der CA1 Region des Hippokampus durchführten. Evozierte, extrazellulär abgeleitete Feldpotentiale sowie intrazellulär gemessene synaptische Spontanaktivität zeigten, dass Shank2 Nullmutanten Störungen speziell der exzitatorischen synaptischen Transmission aufweisen. Messungen der Ratio von synaptischen AMPA- zu NMDA- Rezeptorströmen und Experimente mit Minimalstimulation ergaben darüber hinaus, dass die Synapsen von Shank2 Nullmutanten weniger stark maturiert sind, als dies im Wildtyp der Fall ist. Dieser Phänotyp der Nullmutanten entwickelt sich im Laufe der vierten postnatalen Woche, sodass CA1 Prinzipalzellen von adoleszenten (P21-P28), jedoch nicht von juvenilen (P13-P14) Shank2 Nullmutanten einen höheren Anteil von Synapsen aufweisen, die keine AMPA- Rezeptoren besitzen. Zudem sind die AMPA-Rezeptor vermittelten Ströme in den Shank2 Nullmutanten reduziert. Die Synapsen der Nullmutanten sind jedoch plastisch; so zeigen die Tiere normale synaptische Langzeit-Depression sowie erhöhte synaptische Langzeit-Potenzierung. Der hier beschriebene Entwicklungsphänotyp der Shank2 Nullmutanten belegt die funktionelle Bedeutung von Shank2 für die Entwicklung exzitatorischer Synapsen. Zugleich stellen unsere Ergebnisse die Hypothese in Frage, Shank2 und Shank3 seien - im Gegensatz zu Shank1 - vor allem in frühen Phasen der Synaptogenese wichtig

Editorial

The papers selected for this Special Issue focus on the scholarly, personal and scientific value of creative works generated formally within the curriculum, and informally. Poetry, visual arts, music, reflective prose and storytelling - the papers showcase “When Science meets the Arts”, offering examples of how our colleagues across science and mathematics have blurred disciplinary boundaries to better support student learning. It is exciting to see the broad range of educational situations where this is occurring. Science, technology and mathematics disciplines addressed here include mathematics, biomedical science, botany, chemistry, microbiology, physics, psychology and zoology. In the place where science and art meet, the edges of both science and science education soften and invite authenticity and vulnerability. Some of these papers offer examples/exemplars of pedagogic and professional practices that encourage students (and educators) to look within themselves and express their understandings in ways that are not usual in science. Others have highlighted the pedagogic value and impact of partnerships between science and creative disciplines. Enriching science students’ experiences by including approaches and content that sit outside of science can address the challenges of engagement that are particular to science and mathematics education. Exploring what it means to do science or mathematics, exposing the tacit, can deepen understandings of what science (or mathematics) is

Thermal Stability of Residual Stresses in Differently Deep Rolled Surface Layers of Steel SAE 1045

Gefördert im Rahmen des Projekts DEA

Tubulin-binding cofactor E-like (TBCEL), the protein product of the mulet gene, is required in the germline for the regulation of inter-flagellar microtubule dynamics during spermatid individualization

Individual sperm cells are resolved from a syncytium during late step of spermiogenesis known as individualization, which is accomplished by an Individualization Complex (IC) composed of 64 investment cones. mulet encodes Tubulin-binding cofactor E-like (TBCEL), suggesting a role for microtubule dynamics in individualization. Indeed, a population of ∼100 cytoplasmic microtubules fails to disappear in mulet mutant testes during spermatogenesis. This persistence, detected using epi-fluorescence and electron microscopy, suggests that removal of these microtubules by TBCEL is a prerequisite for individualization. Immunofluorescence reveals TBCEL expression in elongated spermatid cysts. In addition, testes from mulet mutant males were rescued to wild type using tubulin-Gal4 to drive TBCEL expression, indicating that the mutant phenotype is caused by the lack of TBCEL. Finally, RNAi driven by bam-GAL4 successfully phenocopied mulet, confirming that mulet is required in the germline for individualization. We propose a model in which the cytoplasmic microtubules serve as alternate tracks for investment cones in mulet mutant testes. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper

Results of Use of WHO Global Salm-Surv External Quality Assurance System for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Salmonella Isolates from 2000 to 2007 ▿

An international External Quality Assurance System (EQAS) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella was initiated in 2000 by the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Salm-Surv in order to enhance the capacities of national reference laboratories to obtain reliable data for surveillance purposes worldwide. Seven EQAS iterations have been conducted from 2000 to 2007. In each iteration, participating laboratories submitted susceptibility results from 10 to 15 antimicrobial agents for eight Salmonella isolates and an Escherichia coli reference strain (ATCC 25922). A total of 287 laboratories in 102 countries participated in at least one EQAS iteration. A large number of laboratories reported results for the E. coli ATCC 25922 reference strain which were outside the quality control ranges. Critical deviations for susceptibility testing of the Salmonella isolates varied from 4% in 2000 to 3% in 2007. Consistent difficulties were observed in susceptibility testing of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. Regional variations in performance were observed, with laboratories in central Asia, Africa, and the Middle East not performing as well as those in other regions. Results from the WHO Global Salm-Surv EQAS show that most laboratories worldwide are capable of correctly performing antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella isolates, but they also indicate that further improvement for some laboratories is needed. In particular, further training and dissemination of information on quality control, appropriate interpretive criteria (breakpoints), and harmonization of the methodology worldwide through WHO Global Salm-Surv and other programs will contribute to the generation of comparable and reliable antimicrobial susceptibility data (D. M. A. Lo Fo Wong, R. S. Hendriksen, D. J. Mevius, K. T. Veldman, and F. M. Aarestrup, Vet. Microbiol. 115:128-139, 2006)